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lousiana returned to the French
Considering the defeats Spain had suffered, security was a top concern. Therefore, despite the potential costs and challenges of maintaining the territory, Spain accepted France's offer. Louisiana would serve as a buffer against British incursions into Mexico. With the signing of the Treaty of San Ildefonso, Napoleon sought to reestablish an extended French maritime and colonial empire in the West Indies and the Mississippi Valley. (pp: 101-102) -
US buys lousiana from the French
Jefferson's men were in Paris because he wanted to buy the port of New Orleans. For him New Orleans was the boss: the ownership of which would be America's natural enemy because that country would control the route that more than one-third of America's goods must take. The Louisiana Purchase encompassed 530,000,000 acres of territory in North America that the United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million. (pp:103-104) -
the cry of independence of 1810
The “Cry of Dolores” is the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. First uttered by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the parish priest of Dolores, calling for the end of Spanish rule, for racial equality, and for redistribution of land. it was used in the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. (pp:117) -
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father hidalgos arrest and death
Hidalgo and Allende fled north after the Battle of Calderón Bridge to try to raise new troops and obtain weapons. Allende was angered by Hidalgo’s military decisions and arrested him. Hidalgo was betrayed by Ignacio Elizondo (a local rebel leader) and arrested. He was captured March 21, and killed July 30, 1811, aged 58, by a gunshot. (pp:119) -
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father jose's revolutionaries
On May 2, 1812, after 58 days, Morelos broke the third campaign. The chief victories of this third campaign were at Sitlalli on June 8, 1812, and at Tehuacan, Orizaba, Oaxaca, and Acapulco on August 10, 1812. Morelos reached Orizaba on October 28, 1812, with 10,000 troops. He sponsored the Congress of Chilpancingo (1813), which formally declared Mexican independence and adopted Mexico's first constitution with Morelos as head of government. (pp:122) -
battle of Medina
The 1813 Battle of Medina was one of the largest and bloodiest battles in Texas history. The battle pitted around 1400 volunteers from the white, Tejano, and Native American communities against about 1900 regulars from the Spanish army. Around 1,400 people had died that day. With the royalist victory, the three-year-long revolution against the Spanish colonial government in northeastern New Spain was put on hold, as were hopes of Texas becoming independent or part of the United States. (pp:122) -
father Jose's death
Spanish troops expanded their efforts and hunted down the rebels, including Morelos. Eventually, the Spaniards defeated his forces and captured him. Morelos was brought to Mexico City, tried for treason in a Spanish court, convicted of his treasonous activities, and sentenced to death on December 22, 1815 by firing squad. he was 50. (pp:122) -
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champ d'asile
The Champ d'Asile ("Field of Asylum") was a temporary residence in the trinity river of 20 French Bonapartist veterans of the Napoleonic Wars from the colony of Vin-Olive and this regiment was led by Colonel Charles Lallemond. The land was ceded to French colonists on March 3, 1817, after a vote by the United States Senate. The concern aroused among United States and Spanish diplomats over this intrusion into disputed territory caused two immediate results. (pp:126) -
the Adams-onis treaty
Spanish Minister Ons and Secretary Adams agreed to cede Florida Eastern shores to the United States and to renounce any claims to West Florida. The US agreed to assume liability for $5 million in damage caused by American citizens rebelling against Spain, but Spain did not receive any compensation. The United States wanted control of Florida. Gaining control of Florida for the United States would mean gaining control of the Mississippi River. That was an important route for trade. (pp:128) -
the Plan of Iguala
On February 24, 1821, the Plan of Iguala was drafted. It proclaimed Mexico's independence from Spain, social and political equality for all Mexicans regardless of their origin and Roman Catholicism as the official religion. During the Mexican independence movement, General Augustin de Iturbide mobilized the army. The Army of the Three Guarantees was formed by the unified forces Iturbide and Guerrero to defend the ideals of the Plan of Iguala. (pp:129) -
The Mexican Constitution of 1824
The Mexican Constitution of 1824 was Mexico's first constitution, written after the fall of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide. The 1824 Constitution transformed Mexico into a federal state, governed by a president, Congress and Supreme Court, but also gave the states more powers the 1824 constitution established democratic goals and provided for a state of 19 states, four territories and the District of Mexico City