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Period: to
Sudan Beginning of the Christian era
Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities from the beginning of the Christian era until 1820-21, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. Class Article -
The Mahdi's Crusade
In 1881, a religious leader named Muhammad ibn Abdalla proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the "expected one," and began a religious crusade to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan. Class Article -
"Pacification"
In the first two decades of the 20th century the british conducted a "pacification" campaign in Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains. -
United Sudan
Southern policy was abondoned after the Juba Conferenceorganized by the colonial government, at which Southern chiefs agreed with northern nationalists to pursue a united Sudan. Class Article -
"Self-Rule"
800 administrative posts were vacatted by the British and "Sudanized" as "self-rule" was introduced. Norhtern politician allocated just four of these posts to the Southerners. Class Article -
Period: to
Independence
In February 1953, the United Kingdom and Egypt concluded an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination. The transitional period toward independence began with the inauguration of the first parliament in 1954. With the consent of the British and Egyptian Governments, Sudan achieved independence on January 1, 1956, under a provisional constitution. Class Article -
"Northernization"
Southerners were not represented at the 1953 Cairo Congerence on self-rule, on the grounds that they had "no party or organizationn". Class Article -
Period: to
Civil War
the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal system, which led to a mutiny by southern army officers that launched 17 years of civil war. Class Article -
Shari'a law
Shari'a law was incorporated into the government's legal syatem. This would lead to amputations and public lashings. Class Article -
Peace Agreement
Beginning in 1993, the leaders of Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya pursued a peace initiative for the Sudan under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority for Development. class article
