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SOCIETAL VIEWS
Children with disabilities are the most marginalized and excluded groups in society; they face daily discrimination and negative attitudes. Around the turn of the 20th century students with disabilities were denied education. Crippled, deformed, dim-witted, crazy, retarded, invalid, mongoloid, and imbecile were some names used to describe the disabled. Prior to the twentieth century, social attitudes reflected the view that persons with disabilities were unhealthy, defective and deviant -
Brown v Board of Education
First significant court case case to influence special eduction, Brown v Board of Education, determined segragation on basis of race was against education opportunities. It increased funding for special education programs. (Smith 2004) -
Period: to
LITIGATION
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1965 Education and Secondary Education Act
wherein schools received federal money for public education -
Amendment to Education and Secondary Education Act
set aside funds specifically for students with disabilities -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
a disabled person connot be excluded from any program receiving federal funds. -
Education for all Handicapped Children Act
signed by President Ford the Education for all Handicapped Children Act, known as IDEA, Individuals with Disabilities Act, now a legal right. All children with disabilities must have an IEP, a free and appropriate education and be served in the least restrictive environment.
https://youtu.be/PU-rXwE0RqU?t=20, Understanding the IEP. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
requires absolute compliance of school districts and institutions that do not receive federal funds -
CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY
“intellectual disability” for “mental retardation”:
Term Section within title 34, CFR
“handicapped person” § 104.3(j)(2)(i).
“individual with a severe disability” § 385.4.
“individual with a significant disability” §§ 361.5 and 373.4.
“individual with handicaps” § 105.3.
“physical or mental impairment” § 361.5. -
The reauthorization of IDEA
aligns with the requirements for No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) which provides financial incentives to states who improve their special education services and services for all students