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Sandhurst Manifiesto.
Through the political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the leader of the future Conservative Party, which helped achieve Queen Isabella II’s abdication in favour of her son Alfonso XII, the support of the bourgeoisie and the army, anxious for political stability. On 1 December 1874, Cánovas wrote a manifesto, signed in Sandhurst, where he promised a constitutional government. -
Period: to
Reign of Alfonso XII.
In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Bourbon (1875–1885), son of Isabella II. The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was made possible by two processes:
-The political manoeuvring.
-Pronunciamiento (military revolution). -
PSOE is founded.
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period. -
Period: to
Regency of María Christina.
Through a pronunciamiento (military revolution) by General Martínez Campos, 29 December 1874, in Sagunto, Alfonso XII was proclaimed king.
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina (1885–1902) while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child. -
Bases de Manresa.
Catalan nationalism demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. In 1892, its proposals were declared in the Bases de Manresa, written by Prat de la Riba. -
Teatry of Paris.
War erupted in the Pacific (the Philippines) and the Atlantic (Cuba and Puerto Rico). In both conflicts, Spanish fleets were destroyed by the US. Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Treaty of Paris, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
Period: to
Reign of Alfonso XIII.
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902. Historians usually look at two stages, divided by the crisis of 1917.
1.-The continued practice of party rotation (1902–1917)
-War against Morocco.
-The treaty signed at the Algeciras Conference.
-Two protectorates.
-Rif.
-Tragic Week of 1909.
2.-The crisis of the Cánovas system (1917–1923)
In 1917, Spain suffered a crisis that deeply affected three different
areas:
-Military.
-Politics.
-Society.
-On a domestic level.
-Abroad. -
Tragic week.
Spanish occupation of its protectorate led to a war with the inhabitants of the Rif; a war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up, the majority of whom were fathers. This set off violent protests in Barcelona, which became known as the Tragic Week of 1909. The harsh repression by Maura’s conservative government caused the liberals to break their pact of rotation with him. -
Disaster of Annual.
Abroad, Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco in what was known as the Disaster at Annual, resulting in 10 000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion. -
Period: to
Dicatorship of Primo de Rivera.
The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera went through two stages:
1.-The Military Directory (1923–1925). Primo de Rivera
suspended the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited
political parties, suppressed the labour movement and defeated the Moroccans after the Alhucemas landing (1925).
2.-The Civil Directory (1925–1930). The military victory in Morocco and the economic boom of the 1920s helped Primo de Rivera maintain power until 1930. In January of 1930, due to the 1929 economic crisis. -
Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
The king went into exile on 14 April 1931 and the Second Republic was declared.
After the Second Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who
held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931. -
Period: to
Second Spanish Republic.
A provisional government was formed:
1.-The Constitution of 1931: It established a wide range of rights and popular sovereignty, separation of powers, universal
male and female suffrage, regional autonomy.
2.-Reformist Biennium (1931–1933):
-Political reforms.
-Military reform.
-Economic reforms.
-Social reforms.
-Cultural reforms. -
October Revolution.
Conservative Biennium (1933–1936)
The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms,
which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing
parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This
sparked the October Revolution of 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona.
-In Asturias, miners led a social revolution.
-In Barcelona, the autonomous government proclaimed a Catalan
State within the Spanish Federal Republic. -
Tragic Sring bombing of Gerninika.
Political violence reached its peak in what was known as the Tragic
Spring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence
between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists. -
Period: to
Sapnish Civil War.
The coup d’état began on 17 July 1936. The next day it spread throughout Spain. The country was divided into two zones, the Republican zone and the ‘Nationalist’ zone, and the military coup turned into a long Civil War.
• In Spain, the uprising was supported by conservative soldiers,
landowners, high bourgeoisie, monarchists, Carlists and many
Catholics.
• Abroad, with this goal in mind, the Non-Intervention Committee. -
End of the Civil War.
They sent in an army from Navarra. The resistance of Madrid, along with the defeats at the battles of Jarama and Guadalajara. The war then moved to the Cantabrian coast and involved harsh battles,bombing of Gernika by the German air force’s Condor Legion. The war moved to the Mediterranean, ‘Battle of the Ebro’ in 1938 that led to many casualties on both sides. Took Catalonia, entered Madrid,with no resistance. The Civil War ended on 1 April 1939.
