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D.F. Malan as Prime Minister
"Why?";
Broederbond;
Christian belief;
Afrikaner Nationalism;
(Afrikaners) -
– Call for non-violent mass action: civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts – (Black Resistance)
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(Afrikaners)
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and Representation of Voters Act; (Afrikaners)
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(Afrikaners)
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Aim: create disorder; 'clog up the system' – burning passes, getting arrested
(Black Resistance) -
(Afrikaners)
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Adopted on 26 June, 1955 at the Congress of the People in Kliptown
Defines core principles of ANC
(Black Resistance) -
156 people arrested, accused of treason - incl. Mandela
ANC time wasted
Leaders could plan future of resistance while detained -
- PAC opposes Freedom Charter & the inclusion of other races in struggle
- Robert Sobukwe as leader (Black Resistance)
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Higher education for blacks in their homelands;
University of Fort Hare, Turfloop -- seeds of future resistance planted -
"Significance?"
Government / International attitudes?
State of Emergency
Resistance goes underground, exile, armed struggle (MK, Poqo) -
Booming Economy, Lack of Resistance
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Police powers strengthened, public meetings outlawed, Public Safety Act of 1953 used for "seamless" detaining
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Bans ANC and PAC
(Afrikaners) -
leaving the Commonwealth; Macmillan's Wind of Change speech
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on Robben Island
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and imprisoned; Start of Rivonia Trial
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Nelson Mandela's speech
Huge media coverage -
Turfloop, Fort Hare
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led by Steve Biko
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launched;
– 'black people should self-define'
– SASO involvement;
– draws on African heritage, especially from the PAC -
575 dead
Huge media coverage
UN condemns government response -
to apartheid
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severely beaten because he breaks banning order; this provokes international disapproval
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1) Economic
2) Repression of resistance (extension of police powers)
3) Destabilisation of neighbouring countries to prevent opposition -
Township Revolts;
COSAS;
ANC -
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Botha would release Mandela under "certain conditions".
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so Apartheid tactics seem less justified – no need to 'contain communism anymore' – anti-communist allies like USA also pull away from SA
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formal negotiations between ANC and NP. Meeting at WTO in Johannesburg.
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