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Jan 1, 1441
Prince Henry and the Navigatory
Prince Henry ran many expiditions from Europe to Spain. He ran slave trade in 1441 bringing over the frst known slaves from Africa to Europe. -
Jan 1, 1492
Christpher Columbus.
Christopher Comlumbus found America on his trip to Spain. He went on many explorations and is known as the founder of America, but he is not. He called the other humans he found 'Indians' even though they were originally in America. -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian exchange was a trade from the old world to the new world with goods such as tobacco, wheat, animals, and unfortunately disease. Thie following Columbus' discovery os said new world. -
Jan 1, 1520
Moctezuma
Aztec 8th emperor, gave Cortes gold, Aztecas stoned him to death. -
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Immirgration
Migration is when a group of people from different countries move to a new land that they were not born. In this case, the Eurapeans moving to the America and the Native Americans immigrating across the land to avoid us. -
Joint Stock Company
Business run colonies by royal control. Made VA of London, Jamestown. -
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Puritanism
Church who wanted to “purify” or reform the church of England and then the Americas. -
John Smith
Adventurer who helps the success of many English settlements in America. -
House of Burgesses
1st legislative assembly in the American colonies. -
Conquistadors
The Conquistadors were Aztecas, Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro- Incas found and conquered land. -
Adobe
Adobeś were the first Native American actual houses. They were made from dirt and water to keep the building standing up in any climate. It was created by the 'Pueblos' -
Bacon's Rebellion
War against Native Americans. -
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Colonies come of age
Indentured Servants- Men who would serve as a slave over debt from 3-5 then get sent to the new land
Middle Passages- The trade route in which slaves were transported, terrible terrible conditions
Magna Carta- The Charter made by King John of England that protected church payments from the crown
English Bill Rights- Document that declared separation of power, freedom of speech, etc.
Habeas Corpus- Legal action by which detainees can seek relief for unlawful imprisonment to the new land
Salivary -
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Quakers
Religion set in the 17th century, similar to puritanism, led by William Penn. -
John Jay
John Jay:
Member of the New York Committee of Correspondents, helped write the Federalist, President of Continental Congress. He drafted the Constitution. He is important because he made a huge contribution to the Constitution and the Federalist. -
Mestizo
Spanish and indian population decreased -
Iroquois League
The first five Iroquois nations classifying themselves as "The People of the Longhouse" They were spefically called today the Mohawk Indians. They settled in what we call Albany ,New York now. -
Presidio
A fortified spanish military settlement -
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Shay's Rebellion
Shays’ Rebellion:
This was the name given to protests between 1786 and 1787 against the state and local enforcements about taxation. American Farmers This is important because it caused major debates in the changing of the Articles of Confederation and the new constitution. -
Strict and Loose Recontruction
Strict Construction:
A legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits judicial interpretation. Thomas Jefferson was a firm believer in strict construction. This was important because it was proper and safe.
Loose Construction:
A broad interpretation of a statue or document in court. John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote the Federalist which is considered a loose construction. This is important because without these documents there is no freedom. -
The Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States. It was ratified on March 1, 1781. The US government let the states remain independent, it was made out of fear. This is important, because this was the center-stone to the real constitution that we use today. -
Bicameral Legislature
Bicameral Legislature is defined as having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. The relationship between these two are equal. An example is the United States government. The house of representatives and the senate, they both have an equal number of members to share the power. This is important, because without separation and equality of power we have a monarchy. -
Northwest Ordinance
Northwest Ordinance(1787):
This was laws enacted about the east of the Mississippi river being settled and become states under certain conditions. Thomas Jefferson came up with the basis of this ordinance. This was important because it accelerated westward movement of American settlers. -
Great Compromise
Great Compromise:
This compromise created a dual system for the US government. Two hundred US senators and representatives. This was important because it started the equality of power throughout the US government. -
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The Federalist Period pt.2
Louisiana Purchase:The US purchased 828,000,000 square miles of territory in France, increasing the size of the young republic. It was during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. This was important because it ended the French and Indian war.
Impressment: Taking Men into the navy without consent and warning. The British and the government taking the men. This is important because it caused an uproar making the act go away.
War Hawks:Political members who favor war in the debate about whether to go to -
The Federalist
The Federalist:
This is 85 essays outlining the new US government and why it was chosen. This was written by three men, Madison, Hamilton and Jay. This is important, because these essays explained to everyone why a dual government is the best option for the United States and how we’re going to run it. -
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Cabinet
Cabinet:
made up of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, who are generally the heads of the federal executive departments. It is mostly senior officers including the vice president. The cabinet is important because they help the president out with operations and assist the national government. Alexander Hamilton was one of the first. -
Alien and Sedation Act
Alien and Sedition Acts:
Four bills that were passed by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798. John Adams put these into place. These were important because it was the result of the Quasi-war. -
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The Federalist Period
Marbury vs. Madison: Marbury and others jobs were never finalized and they sued for their jobs in the supreme court in 1801. Marbury and many others were involved in this. The Supreme Court as well. It was important because Madison won the jobs and stopped the dilemma.
Judicial Review: is the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary, which means they can invalidate any law passed by higher authority. The legislative and executive branches.This -
Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion:
Rebellion on tax upon alcohol distilled in the US. George Washington and Alexander Hamilton came up and passed this law together. This is important because the Americans showed their concerns and got the tax removed. -
Cotton Gin
A machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber created by Eli Whitney and patened. This was important because it sped up the process of cotton picking thus improving the economy. -
Dred Scott
He was to become free mad after escaping slavery but after going to court he was not set free. This was important because it established that black men were not citizens. -
Manifest Destiny
The name for an attitude prevalent during the 19th century in the US. All of America wanted the US coast to coast. This was important because it inspired Americans to work together. -
Interchangable Parts
Pre-manufactured parts that were all for practical purposes identical. These emerged from Eli Whitney because they were used to cerate the first muskets. -
2nd Great Awakening
Protestant revival in the 19th century that changed religion. Protestants and other religioud groups. This was important because it started the methodist church. -
Utopian Communities
Considered a heavage in the American civilization. These were important because they experimented with new ideas. -
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Limited Government/Seperation of Power
Limited Government:
This is a political system in which the power was limited and spread out so every man would have a word. The US government and the people. This was important to protect private property and preserve individual liberty. Separation of Powers:
This is the equal separation of the power in the legislative government. The US Senate and House of Representatives. This is important because the president having all the power would be a monarchy, having it split into more branches caus -
Underground Railroads
path from slave to free states to help them escape. This was made by Harriet Tubman. This was important because it freed slaves in the South. -
Harpers Ferry
A place under attack in the 1800's to free slavees in Maryland and Virginia, which was led by John Brown. This was important because it rose tension between north and south before the civil war. -
Harriet Beecher Stowe
She wrote the famous novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which was read by American abolitionists against slavery. She was important because she made the public feel empathy for slaves. -
Tariff
Tariff:
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports. Alexander Hamilton urged to raise tariffs to promote industrialization. This is important because without tariffs the new world and new government would be broke. -
Nullification
A legal theory that a state has a right to invalidate any federal law passed by Andrew Jackson. This was important because it caused the south too nullify the tariff of abominations. -
Missouri Compromise
An effort by congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request. Congress vs. the US. This was important because it stopped what could've been violent. -
Nat Turner
Leader of a violent slave rebellion in VIrginia. He led a rebellion against slavery that killed 55 white people. This was important because it freaked the south out enough for them to stop trying to emancipate. -
Lone Star Republic
Chamber of Commerce attemet at their own government created by Sam Houston. This was important because it set base for the first attempt at succesion. -
Monroe Doctorine
The document that prohibited foreign powers to colonize the Western Hemisphere. James Monroe signed this into power. This was important because it kept the freedom to those in the Western Hemisphere. -
American System
A system that included three parts to protect the American industry, foster the National bank, and other internal improvements. The American Government. This was important because it contributed to develop profitable markets for agriculture. -
Erie Canal
A canal running from the Great Lakes to New York City. This was created by engineers in America. This was important because it made a connections to the Atlantic Ocean for the first time. -
Jacksonian Demoracy
The political movement during the second party system toward great democracy created by ANdrew Jackson. This was important because it was a rampant growth in regional diversity. -
Indian Removal Act
A law passed in 1830 in order to negotiate with Indian tribes to removed them passed by US Congress and Andrew Jackson. This was important because it created reservations, which we use today. -
Abolition Movement
A movement to end slavery whether formally or unformally. A few abolitionists were Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott. They were important because they influenced a law against slave trade. -
Wilmot Proviso
A document created to eliminate slavery within the land acquired from the Mexican war created by James K Pollk. This was important because it helped bring out the Reoublican party in 1854. -
California Gold Rush
The discovery of golden nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848. This was between Sacremento and whoever wanted the gold at this time. This was important because it boasted hostility and economy. -
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
The treaty that declared peace between the US and the Mexican Republic. This was important because it created a peaceful enviorment in the US vs. Mexico. -
Seneca Falls Convention
First Womens rights convention Elizabeth Stanton planned. This was important because it set the corner stone to women's rights. -
Compromise of 1850
A package of 5 different bills passed by the US when defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states compromised. This was important becase it made some of the fighting stop. -
Gadsden Purchase
The purhcase on December 30th, 1853 that settled the main boundaries of the US. This was important because it gave US defenite borders to exist by. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
This created the territory Nebraska and Kansas in 1854 for those who wanted to settle. This was important because it created the first districts to create popular soverignty. -
Popular Soverignty
Popular Sovereignty:
Popular Sovereignty was the political doctrine that people who lived in a certain region had the right to choose their government. This was popularized by Stephen A. Douglas in 1854. This was important, but also was invoked in years before. -
William Lloyd Garrison
An American journalist crusader who lead succesful campaign against slavery. At age 25 he joined the American colonization society. He was important because he helped influence the 13th amendment. -
Battle of Fort Sumter
First battle of the Civil War taking place in the Southern states in a union-run fort. The north had 300 men and little supplies, the south had many many men and lots of supplies but less weapons. Ended with a 100 gun salute that ended up killing 2 men. -
Battle of Fort Sumter
Bombing of and surrender of Fort Sumter in South Carolina that started the war. This was the north against the south. This was important because it started the Civil War. -
Anaconda Plan
This was a military plan designed by Winfield Scott, it was to go down the Mississippi to cut the south in two. Planned a blockade that would cut off the south from recieving supplies, but it did not fully work. -
Battle of Gettysburg
Robert E Lee confederate army versus General George Meads union army. Major locations are Maryland, Pennsylvania, Camp Curtin, Cash Town, and McPherson Ridge. The union won this battle. Confederates lost 28,000 men and the Union lost 23,000 men. -
Battle of Bullrun
Held in Prince Willam County, Virginia, first major battle of Civil War. This was the first of two. General Mcdowell's union soldiers attacked General Jospeh E Johnston's confederate army. The confederate won with 32,000 casulaties vs 35,000 casulaties on the north. The north had very little supplies on the at home from this. Abe LIncoln sent out 500,000 men after this. -
Confederate States of America
The cessions of states from 1861 to 1865 due to slavery. This was souther America. This was important because it was one of the many causes to the civil war. -
Freedman's Bureau
This was the giving of land after the Civil War the 13th amendment, which let black slaves be free. This helped them get on their feet by giving them farming land to create an income without the struggle of not getting hired by a white person. -
Second Batlle of Bullrun
Lasted three days, under Andrew Jacksons leader. The north was led by General John Pope against General Robert E Lee's confederates. The south won this battle as well. 10,000 casulaties total. -
Battle of Antietam
General Robert E Lee's confederate army vs. General Goerge McClellan, bloodiest battle in history. It was in Antietam Creek in Shapsburg, Marylabd. North attacked south. 26,000 casulaties total, McClellan was fired after the battle. -
Battle of Fredericksburg
It ended on December 15th, 1862. The major generals were Robert E Lee and General Ambrose Burnside. The confederate army won this battle. The north has 12,000 casulaties and the south had 5,000 casulaties. -
Battle of Chancellorsville
This battle ended on May 6th, 1863. The Confederates won this battle. Jospeh Hooker, the union general, tried to cut off Robert E Lee's Confederates army off of supplies. General Stonewall Jackson was an important Confederate general who died in this battle of pnumonia. -
Siege of Vicksburg
Ulysees S Grant's Union army attacked John T Pemberton's confederate army. Ended July 4th 1863 and the win went to the north. This was part of the Anaconda plan, train lines were ruined to cut off food supply. The south surrenedered Mississippi RIver due to lack of supplies and food left in almost ruins. Had one of the first battles with African-Americans. -
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Battle of Petersburg
Consisted of Trench Warfare and included African-Americans. Point of the battle was to cut off train deliveries and supplies to the south, Union won. This battle ended the war. Ulyssees S Grant and Robert E Lee were the Generals during this battle. -
Battle of Atlanta
General Tecumseh Sherman's Union's army vs. General Johnstons' confederate army. The south outnumbered the north and used the element of surprise. The Union started burning every building and supply place in Atlanta and Savannah, making the win for the union. 3400 union soldiers died, and 8,500 confederate soldiers died. Women worked in the hospitals, blacks were freed. -
Sherman's Marchm to the Sea
Led until December 21st, led by Major General WIlliam T Sherman's union amry from Atlanta to Savannah, GA. They burned crops and livestock. The south suffered lving in fear of fire and death from Sherman. The north confiscated 400,000 acres of land from the south as aftermath. Apporixmaretly 5000 African-Americans walked in this march. Psycholgical War-Fare was used in this march to instill fear in the common man. Also called "unconditional warfare" -
Sharecropping
This gave 40 acres and mule for all black men. This went into effect after Civil War because white people woud not sell their land to any black people and the American Government knew that they would have a lot of trouble finding war due to their race. -
Appomatox Court House
Thr south surrendered to the north for the first time Robert E Lee's confederate army surendered to Ulyssees S Grant union army. There were approximately 700 casulaties. -
Checks and Balances
Checks and Balances:
This is a political system in which the power is separated into three branches so no branch becomes too powerful. The House of Representatives, the Senators and the President. -
Reconstruction/KKK/Black Codes
This was the period in which the Union attempted to recontruct the United States after the Civil War. A lot of "black codes" were made during this time, which were laws prohibiting black people from getting rights. This rose up with Klu Klux Klan cuasing a lot of black deaths by fire, hanging etc. and a group of people driving them away. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
This was the act that overrided Jacksons 2/3 vote against the 13th amendment coming into power. This gave equal rights, for everything but voting, to black men. This also invalidated all of the black codes put into place by the south. -
Enforcement Acts
These were enforcemtns passed between 1870 and 1871 allowing black men to vote, hold office, and serve on juries. They also had equal protection under the law of the US. These were already in place, but needed to be enforced due to the racism that is relevant in this time period and today. -
Dorothea Dix
An educator and social reformer whose devotion to the mentally ill spread worldwide reforms. SHe got laws passed to help prisoners and those who are mentally ill. She was important because she had laws set that started a whole revolution. -
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13th and 14th Amendment
The 14th amendment created equal protection under the law of US. This gace black men their born naturalized rights. The 15th amendment gave black men the right to vote no matter your race, land ownership or servitude. -
Mormon Movement
This was the uprise of Morminism in Utah in 1950. This is important because it set the base of Morminism in US and the Utah. -
Mayflower Compact
1st government of the Plymouth colony. -
Northwest Passage
Sea route connected the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Ocean for a trade route.
