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Haitian Revolution
Haiti occupied the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea. About 500,00 enslaved Africans worked on French plantations. White masters used brutal methods to keep them powerless. Haitians were going against their French masters. In 1801, Toussaint took control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans. In January 1802, Toussaint was removed from power and was sent to jail. -
Romanticism
This was a movement that reflected a deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual. They turned from reason to emotion, from society to nature. Emotion, sometimes wild emotion, was a key element of romanticism. However, romanticism went beyond feelings. Poetry, music, and painting were the most influential arts because they were able to capture the emotion of romanticism. The highest form of expression was poetry. -
Mexican War of Independence
1820, a revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power in Mexico. Creoles that were in Mexico feared that they would lose privileges. Like in the Spanish controlled colony. So they all got together to get Mexico's independence. Independence was proclaimed in 1821. Before everything, Central America declared their independence. However, Iturbide refused to recognize this declaration. He was then overthrown in 1823. Then Central America declared its absolute independence from Mexico. -
Latin American Wars of Independence (North, Simon Bolivar)
In 1811, Simon Bolivar's native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain. Bolivar's volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Bolivar went into exile twice. In August 1819 a turning point came. Over 2,000 soldiers were led by Bolivar on a daring march through Colombia. They won a decisive victory. By 1821, they had won Venezuela's independence. Then they went to Ecuador and they met Jose de San Martin. Together they would decide the future of the Latin America. -
Italian Unification
Between 1815 and 1848, fewer and fewer Italians were content to live under foreign rulers. Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. They thought unification under Piedmont-Sardinia seemed a good plan.Cavour was a cunning statesman who worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia's power. Austria was Italy's roadblock. War occurred between both. Sardinia succeeded in taking all Northern Italy. -
German Unification Part 2
In 1848, Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification. -
German Unification
Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s. 39 German states formed a group and the Austria Empire dominated the confederation. Prussia wanted to unify all the German states. Prussia had a manly German population. So because of this nationalism unified Prussia. Austria-Hungary tore the empire apart. In Central Europe, the most powerful army was Prussia's. (new event created to finish) -
Latin American Wars of Independence (South, San Martin)
San Martin's Argentina had declared its independence in 1816. However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. With O'Higgin's help, San Martin finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martin had a plan to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Peru. But San Martin left his army for Bolivar command. In the last major battlwe of the war for indepedence, the spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. -
Greek Revolution
Greeks kept their memory of ancient history and culture alive. Greece has the most powerful European government. They were the ones who opposed revolution. The cause for their independence was very popular around the world. After, a support grew the powerful nations of Europe took the side of the Greeks. A combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino in 1827. -
Brazilian Independence
Brazil's quest for independence was unique. The reason for this is because it happened without any violent upheavals and widespread bloodshed. Not only were all the Brazilians in a quest for independence from Portugal. But they had a Portuguese member helping them. Napoleon sent his army to invade both Spain and Portugal. Napoleon wanted to close the ports of these countries to British shipping. Portuguese ran their empire for 14 years. In 1822, creoles demanded Brazils independence from Port.
