-
Tea Act
Was a law that the British parliament aproved and gave the English East India Company a monopoly o the sale of tea in the colonies. It led to the Boston Tea Party in which the american traders attacked responded by attacking british ships loades with tea. -
American Revolutionary War
Is also known as the American War of Independece. The American colonies were led by George Washington. -
Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that recognised the United States as a independent nation. -
United States Constitution
The first constitution in history is established national sovereignty and the separation of powers. Two years later George Washington became the first president of the United States. -
French Revolution
It destroys the Old Regim which have origins in social unrest, economy and Enightenment. -
Estates-General
It was an assembly of all the three states established by the king. The people prsented their problems to the assembly in Lists of Grievances. -
The end of the Old Regime
There were attacks to the Bastille, that was a medial fortress and a symbol of absolutism. Following this, the National Constituent Assembly introduced several changes:
It abolished the feudal rights, it published the Declaration of the rights of Men and of the Citizen,finally in 1791 France's first constitution. -
War on France
Austria and Prussia declared war on France. In August 1792, there was an insurrection: the Tuileries Palace was attacked, and the royal family was taken prisoner. -
The birth of the French Republic
A National Convention governed France from September 1792 and immediatly abolished the monarchy, and France became a republic. The Convention (controlled by the Girondind), judged and condemned Louis XVI for treason and he was then executed by guillotine, this led to the formation of the First Coalition. -
Period: to
The First French Republic
-
The Reign of Terror
Believing that the revolution was in danger, the Jacobins used support from the sans culottes to seize power from Girondins in June 1793. The Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre assumed all powers, and established a dictactorship. In 1794, moderates revolutionaries arrested Robespierre and his followers, who were then executed by guillotine(which became a famous symbol of the French Revolution) -
The Directory
A new constitution was established and a moderate government was led by a five-members Directory while legislative power was held by two chambers.
The radicals conspired against the government, the royalists also led revolts and in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte coonquered most of Italy. -
Treaties of San Ildefonso
When the French revolution broke out and Spain declared war on France, they were defeated and they sign the Treaties of San Ildefonso, which made Spain and France allies against the British Empire. -
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte became First Consul in 1799 and three years later, Consul for Life, with his arrival the French Revolution ended. -
Period: to
Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon proclamaid himself Emperor of France and he was defeated in 1805 in the Battle of Trafalgar. However, he conquered many European parts. In the Battle of Austerlitz (1805) he won the Austrians and in the Battle of Jena (1806) against the Prussians. In 1814, Napoleon abdicated and went into exile. He returned to power during 100 days but he was defeated in Waterloo in 1815. -
End of Carlos IV's reign
Manuel Godoy, Carlos IV's prime minister, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleu with France. In wich allowed French troops to cross Spain on their way to Portugal. However, the French armies occupied several parts of Spain.
These events was followed to the Mutiny of Aranjuez in 1808.
Godoy was deposed and Carlos IV abdicated in favour of his son, Fernando VII -
Period: to
The Spanish War of Independence
Many people was against Jose I because it was an ilegitimate monarch so this let to a popular uprising in Madrid, this marked the beginnig of The War of Independence.
The population was divided into afrancesados and fernandinos.
There were three stages:
- 1808: French were defeated at Bailen
- 1808-1812: Napoleon’s troops occupied nearly all the peninsula
- 1812-1814: Fernando VII returned to the throne -
Parliament of Cadiz
In pro-Fernando areas were created the juntas to organise resistance against Joseph Bonaparte and then was formed the Junta Central Suprema. Years after the Junta Central called a Constituent Parliament and they met in Cadiz, the only city of Spain that wasnt occupied by the French. The parliament of Caduz was divided into three groups: the liberals, the conservatives and the American colonies -
Parliamentary legislation
The parliament produced the Constitution of 1812 and was the first Spanish Constitution. It also passed reforms that ended the Old Regime. -
Constitution of Cadiz
The first Spanish constitution was approved on 19 March 1812.
It reflected the principles of liberalism:
- National sovereignty
- Moderate hereditary monarchy
- Separation of powers
- Catholicism as the only religion of Spain
It estabilished several important rights
- Equiality before de law
- The right of ownership and freedom of the press -
The Spanish American War of Independence
After Fernando VII returned to the throne in 1814, Spanish rule was restored in most of Spanish America.
Between 1814-1826 there were full-scale wars of independence across Spanish America:
-In the south: José de San Martín declared the independence of Argentina in 1816.
-In the north: Bolivar won Colombian independence in 1819. He created the Republic of Gran Colombia.
-Mexico: won its independence in 1821 under Iturbide
-Peru: became independent in 1824.
-Bolivia: became independent in 1825 -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
Is where the great europeans powers met. Autrian minister Metternich payed a leadin role and try to obtain peace and avoid new revulitios.
The Holly Alliance was formed by Russia Prussia and Austria it was created to combat liberalism and revolutions -
Period: to
The restoration of the Old Regime
There were many pronunciamientos between conservatives and liberals. Fernando VII returned to Spain with the intention of restoring absolutism and with the support of some absolutist deputies he abolished the Constitution of 1812 and ruled as a monarch. The Old Regime was restored. Liberals were persecuted and with limited military support, they attempted a number of pronunciamientos. The absolutis period lasted for six years and is known was Sexenio Absolutista. -
Conservative Order
Was based on the principles of tradition, order, obedience to the authority and the main characteristics were monarchy internacionalism and congresses. -
Period: to
The revolutions of 1820 and 1830
A series of uprisigs revolutions and wars challenged the conservative order.
-Spain: A liberal government followed by military uprising against the absolute monarchy of Fernando VII(1820)
-Greece: The greek independence from the Ottoman empire, in the greek war of Independence(1821)
-France: The absolute monarch Charles X, was replaced by Louis Phillipe of Orleans(1830)
-Belgium: An uprising in the Kingdom of the Netherlands led the creaion of the new state of Belgium (1830-31) -
Period: to
The liberals in power
In 1820 the Colonel Rafael del Riego led a successful liberal pronunciamiento that brought back the Constitution of 1812. This initiated the Trienio Liberal. It was marked by constant conflict between moderate and liberals. In 1823, the Holy Alliance sent a large army known as the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis to Spain and Fernando VII was restored as absolute monarch. -
Period: to
Second return of Fernando VII
When Fernando VII returned for second time as an absolute monarch in 1823 , coinced with internal crisis:
- Fiscal crisis The Treasury had no money and lost most American colonies
- Political tensions: The liberals persecuted by the monarchy
- Dynastic succession: Fernando VII’s daughter Isabel was going to be the queen of Spain. However, the absolutists prefered Fernando’s brother, Carlos de Borbón.
Fernando VII died in 1833 -
Isabel II
Isabel II inherited the throne at only three years of age and Spain was ruled by regents, the first was her mother Maria Cristina. However, the carlists continue contesting and Isabel look for liberal support, they were divided into progressives and moderates -
Period: to
First Carlist War
Isabel was too young for ruling in her own so his mother ruled on her behalf. At the same time Carlos proclamed himswlf king of Spain and this led to the First Carlist War.
This was a dynastic and idological conflict.
Liberals supported Isabel and absolutist known as Carlists supported Carlos.
Finally Carlists lost the war and it end with the Embrace og Vergara. However there were two carlists war more in the same century. -
Germany before unification
German was divided into 39 states and were members of an association called German Confederation. In 1848 a parliament met and offered the crown of German to the King of Prussia but he refused. Then, Wilhem I and his prime minister achieved the unification through military action. -
Period: to
Mandizabal's desamortizacion
Maria CRistina was sided with the moderates, but popular protests such as the Mutiny of La Granja in 1836 forced her to hand over the progressives. They took measures to end the Old Regime. Minister Mendizabal promoted the policy of suppressing and selling church properties.
In 1837, a new Constitution was estabilished. -
Espatero´s regency
Maria Cristina was constantly in trouble with the progressives and she was replaced by a new regent, Baldomero Espartero, a progressive general who had won victories againstthe Carlists -
Isabel II's reaches adult age
Espartero was an authoritarian ruler and the liberals opposed him. In 1843 a pronuncamiento led by the moderate general Ramon Narvaez ended Espartero's regency.
Isabel II was proclamed queen in 1843 with only thirteen years of age. -
Period: to
Moderate Decade
During the moderate decade of Isabel II's reign there were moderate governmentes often headed by Narvaez.
Sovereignty was shared between the monarch and the parliament according to the Constitution of 1845.
The state was centrilised.
The progressives liberals were divied into Democrats who favoured universal male suffrage, and Republicans who wanted to made Spain a republic.
In 1854 General Leopoldo O'Donnell led a pronunciamiento against the government, called La Vicalvarada -
Revolutions of 1848
These countries were affected:
-France: King Louis Phillipe had become corruput and in 1848 he was deposed and the Second French Republic was created. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president and he became increasingly authoritarian and then declared himself Emperor of the Seconf French Empire.
-Germany.
-Habsburg Empire: There were many different nationalities in the territories ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs. -
Period: to
Progressive Biennium
For two years there was a "Progressive Biennium". There was considerable legislative activity, which included Madoz's desamortizacion. -
Period: to
Moderates and unionists
O'Donnell had created the Liberal Union and this centrist political party held power alternately with the moderates. -
Period: to
Unification of Italy
The Italian peninsula was divided into several stages and the kingdom of Piedmont led the unification process under King Vittorio Emanuele II and his prime minister, Cavour. A revolutionar leader called Garibaldi also contributed:
-1859: Cavour won French support for the Italian cause against the Austrians.
-1860-1861: The red shirts took control of Naples and Sicily.
-1866: Italy received Venice in exchange of support the Prussians.
-1870: Rome became the capital Of Italy. -
Unification of Germany
-1864: Prussia invaded some Denmark territories.
-1866: Prussia and Austria fought in the Austro-Prussian War and then Prussia won in the Battle of Koniggratz.
-1870-1871: During the Franco-Prussian War the Kingdom of Prussia and its German allies defeated France in the Battle of Sedan. Wilhem I, became emperor. -
Pact of Ostend
Prgressives, republicans and democrats signed the Pact of Ostend, in which they agreed to overthrow Isabel II and make Spain a democratic country -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution
Generals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim led a pronunciamiento to deposed Isabel II. The Glorious Revolution was successfull, and the queen left Spain
This marked the begginig of the Sexenio Democratico.
A provisional government was formed and presided by Serrano
In 1869 the parliament passed a new contitution
Spain's democratic parliament elected Amadeo os Savoy as a constituent monarch in 1871
Amadeo I, as he was foreign, he was continually oppossed by the population. He abdicated in 1873 -
The First Spanish Republic
The first Spanish Republic lasted one year and when Amadeo I abdicated in 1873 there were 4 different presidents.
There were numerous problems:
-Cantonal Revolution: Cantonalism was a radical idea of federalism in Spain, made up of separate sates.
- Third Carlist War: The third and last carlist uprising.
-Cuba rebels for the first time against Spain.
In 1874 there were two pronunciamientos:
1.When the Parliament was disolved
2.When General Martinez Campos restored the Bourbon Dynasty