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INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the
rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of
independent nation states.
Some of them, especially the first one in Quito, were
repressed with fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. -
THE LACK OF KING, OCCASION OF THE AMERICAN BOARDS
The South American Creoles carried out three theses:
The rejection of Napoleon's claims of
America, loyalty to Fernando VII and,
most importantly, the illegitimacy of both
Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial
authorities appointed by the Spanish king,
that he no longer had any power. -
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY
The first Junta of Buenos Aires (05-251810) organized three military campaigns
to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful.
However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asunción (05-14-1811), and
the resulting government remained independent. This is how the Republic of Paraguay
was created.
In the Banda Oriental, the rural population rose up against the Spanish authorities in
Montevideo. -
FROM THE TABLES TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
The viceroys of Lima
and Bogotá immediately sent troops with the order to besiege Quito and not
allow "a grain of salt" to enter. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and
Bogotá occupied the city and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered
300 patriots and citizens, who shook all of America.
The reaction of the Spaniards led to
polarization of positions
and the Creole elites multiplied,
since 1811. -
HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French
troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, then, the
second independent country in America, in this case, led by blacks.
In 1822, Haitian troops subdued the eastern part of Hispaniola Island,
that it would regain its independence from Haiti in 1844. -
INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA
To quell the independence movement, Fernando
VII ordered to organize the so-called "Peacekeeping Expedition" that,
Under the command of Marshal Pablo Morillo, he sailed from Cádiz in 1815.
It was the greatest force that Spain would leave in the course of the war: 65 main ships, 18 battleships, a 74-gun ship of the line, 15,000 men accoutrements and provisions. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
San Martín was not discouraged and
decided to continue with his plans,
only now first he had to release
Chile. That's why years passed
making guns, bullets and everything
types of teams and organization
the Army of the Andes. the
The crossing was epic, but, as they had
planned, the six columns met less
a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although he suffered a
defeat at Cancha Rayada (03-19-1818), triumphed in battle
de Maipú (04-05-1818), ensuring the independence of Chile. -
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCY
The command was taken by another priest, José María Morelos, who led the second stage
of the revolution (1811-1815). Introduced a liberal and agrarian state
reform. But he had him shot in 1815. Frustrated in his desire for autonomy and free trade, a group of conservative Creoles proclaimed independence in 1821, but only when Antonio López de Santa Anna was proclaimed. -
PERÚ
The uprising in favor of the independence of the Numancia Realist Regiment - made up of Venezuelans and Quito residents - opened the doors from Lima to San
Martín (July 5, 1821), and forced Viceroy La Serna to leave the city and enter the mountains, with an army still very large. San Martin declared independence (07-28-1821) and was appointed Protector of Peru with full civil rights and military authority. -
NEW GRANADA AND VENEZUELA
Bolivar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas (July 25, 1819). that sealed the independence of New Granada.
One more year of skirmishes and Morillo and Bolívar sign the War
Regularization Treaty (11-27-1820), which ends the "War to the Death" period.
A months later, the royalist army was defeated in the battle of Carabobo, the final victory of the independence of Venezuela (June 25, 1821). -
INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR
Let us remember how the independence of
Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the
arrival of the patriot army commanded by
Antonio José de Sucre, and his triumph in
Pichincha (05-24-1822), which ended
the independence of Gran Colombia.
Let us also remember that Bolívar defeated
the realistic grasses in the battle of
Bomboná, and entered Quito triumphantly (06-16-1822) and, later, waited
the President of Peru, General José de San Martín, to discuss the strategy for
end the war. -
END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
In September of that year, he arrived in Lima and met with Sucre and the Peruvian leaders to plan the attack. Bolívar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army in battle. of Junín (6-08-1824).
Four months later, while Bolívar had gone to Lima to raise more money and receiving a new contingent of troops, Sucre was forced to do battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army in the battle of Ayacucho (12-09-1824), that put an end to Spanish rule in South America. -
BRAZIL: MONARCHY INDEPENDENCE
In 1821, John VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son
Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year
he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first the republic was proclaimed. -
CENTRAL AMERICA
Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos and Costa Rica) declared their independence of the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to better defend yourself from Spain. -
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
On September 23, 1868, the cry of Lares, of independence against Spain, it occurred. The rebellion is crushed in no time. Puerto Rico
continues within the Spanish system until the war between the United States and Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico becomes administered by the US and is currently a commonwealth of that country. Consequently, it is not an independent country. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
America does not want
lose the possibility of seizing the largest island in the Antilles and, in 1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in the port of Havana, declares war on Spain. US intervention precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered the American occupation.
