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2700 BCE
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Which causes the very dangerous disease called falciparum malaria. [http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2421a/pf.htm] -
129 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen was the Roman Empire’s greatest physician. He was the personal physician to Rome’s Emperors for decades. He used the work of previous Greek medical researchers, adding the results of his own research, to create a medical doctrine. Galen had a very strong passion in anatomy, surgery, pharmacology and therapeutic methods. He was famous for bringing philosophy into medicine. [https://www.famousscientists.org/galen/] -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck is best known for his theory of evolution. which is when an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need to help them survive various habitats.[http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html ] -
Gregor Mendel published works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance. He discovered that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. Mendel's Laws of Heredity are usually stated as The Law of Segregation or The Law of Dominance. [http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html] -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
When Darwin reached the Galapagos Islands, he was certain that the archipelago had rather recently risen from the sea, and had become home to birds from the South American continent. The animals would have evolved over time and adapted themselves to their respective environmental conditions. Which He found very strange which would soon become know as evolution.[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/charles-darwins-travel-beagle/] -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
Darwin’s theory argued that organisms gradually evolve through a process he called “natural selection.” which also meant survival of the fittest, only the strongest of the species would survive and the weakest would be taken out by nature and their surroundings. [http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published] -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
Dr. Crowfoot performed an experiment by injecting a large dose of putrefying blood into a mouse which caused death without the development of bacteria organisms.The small organisms are too small to see without magnification, which can attack humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2264968/?page=1] -
Hardy and Weinberg Equilibrium
The Hardy and Weinberg equilibrium is the fundamental concept in population genetics. It is a mathematical equation describing the distribution and expression of alleles in a population, and it expresses the conditions under which allele frequencies are expected to change.[http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium.html] -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan had turned to research in heredity began to extensively breed the common fruit fly. He hoped to discover large-scale mutations.Morgan confirmed Mendelian laws of inheritance, "He isolated this specimen and mated it to an ordinary red-eyed fly. Although the first generation of 1,237 offspring was all red-eyed but for three, white-eyed flies appeared in larger numbers in the second generation." [http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452] -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
The Rutherford Bohr model introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford depicted the atom to be a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus similar to structure of the Solar System. [https://www.livescience.com/32016-niels-bohr-atomic-theory.html] -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
For this study, Griffith used two strains of Pneumococcus bacteria, type III-S and type II-R. There is one major difference between these two types, the III-S strain has a smooth polysaccharide coat which makes it resistant to the immune system of mice, and the II-R strain lacks this coat which will then be destroyed by the immune system of the host which it attacks.[https://explorable.com/transforming-principle] -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
Oswald Avery, C. M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty separated the classes of molecules found in the debris of the dead S cells and tested them for transforming ability, one at a time. These tests showed that the polysaccharides themselves do not transform the rough cells. Therefore, the polysaccharide coat, although undoubtedly concerned with the pathogenic reaction, is only the phenotypic expression of virulence.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22104/] -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
"Image 51" contains information that was essential for developing a model of DNA.The diffraction pattern determined the helical nature of the double helix strands. The outside of the DNA chain has a backbone of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate molecules, and the order of which provides codes for protein building which is the inheritance that is inside the helix.[https://quizlet.com/89709187/double-helix-quiz-1-flash-cards/] -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
The objective of the experiments was to show that protein structures were the carriers of genetic codes and information rather than DNA molecules. Which turned out to be the exact opposite as he'd expected. [https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39044] -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of DNA, by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science which is largely concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes within cells. In short order, their discovery yielded ground-breaking insights into the genetic code and protein synthesis. [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html] -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl faced a tangled problem. The Watson and Crick double helix seemed to suggest that the two strands dissociated, each giving rise to a new, complementary strand. The two daughter molecules would thus contain one strand each from the parent molecule. [http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.long] -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
This scientific experiment performed by Marshall W. Nirenberg and his post doctoral, J. Heinrich Matthaei. The experiment discovered the first of the 64 triplet codons in the genetic code by using nucleic acid homopolymers to translate specific amino acids. [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php] -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
The Endosymbiotic Theory first postulated by Lynn Margulis. Dr. Margulis was doing research on the origin of eukaryotic cells. She looked at all the data about prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and organelles. Now accepted as a well-supported theory, both she and the theory were ridiculed by mainstream biologists for a number of years. Biology can now offer a plausible explanation for the evolution of eukaryotes. [https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html] -
Apollo Lands on the Moon
Apollo was the first human to ever land on the moon. His mission was to land on the moon and return back to Earth safely. Apollo set off for the Moon on July 16, 1969 and arrived 4 days later. Not long after Apollo, Armstrong, and Aldin landed they took photographs of the first steps on the moon. They then re-entered Earth's Atmosphere and landed in the Pacific Ocean. [https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm] -
The Sanger Technique is developed
Sanger sequencing, also known as the chain termination method, is a technique for DNA sequencing based upon the selective incorporation of chain-terminating ddNTPs by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/sanger-sequencing] -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Scientists exploring in the Pacific noticed a series of spikes in their data. They wondered how deep ocean temperatures could change so drastically from near freezing to 750 °F so quick. They also realized that an entirely unique ecosystem, including hundreds of new species. Although there are extreme temperatures and pressures, toxic minerals,the species living there seemed to be just fine. [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/] -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
The functions are essential in adaptive immunity in select bacteria and archaea, enabling the organisms to respond to and eliminate invading genetic material. These repeats were initially discovered in E. coli.Three types of CRISPR mechanisms have been identified, of which type II is the most studied.
[https://www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology] -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
The PCR technique allowed scientists to make millions of copies of samples of DNA. The technique has revolutionized the diagnosis of genetic defects and the detection of the AIDS virus in human cells. The technique is also used by criminologists to link specific persons to samples of blood or hair via DNA comparison. PCR also affected large quantities of DNA can be manufactured from fossils containing but trace amounts.[http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html] -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richard Bible was found guilty of murdering Jenifer Wilson. At trial,in addition to the physical evidence linking Bible to the crime prosecutors introduced a new technology, DNA analysis, to match the blood found on Bible's shirt to the victim.Bible's defense team accepted the "underlying theory" of DNA testing and its research and diagnostic uses. [http://azdailysun.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/flagstaff-shaken-to-the-core-by-murder-of--year/article_5393a0e7-d329-59ac-bf73-2e65e10837fd.html] -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
Spliceosome is a cellular machine. As the cell transcribes your DNA’s nucleic acid sequence into RNA, the spliceosome lands on the newly forming mRNA strand, where it releases unnecessary pieces, called introns, and joins together the leftover, essential sequences, called exons. The edited mRNA then goes to the cell’s cytoplasm, where it gets translated into protein.[https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i39/Uncovering-Spliceosomes-Secrets.html] -
The Innocence Project is founded
The Innocence Project is a non-profit legal organization that is committed to exonerating wrongly convicted people through the use of DNA testing and to reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice. [https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/] -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly the sheep, as the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, is by far the world's most famous clone. However, cloning has existed in nature since the dawn of life. From asexual bacteria to ‘virgin births’ in aphids, clones are all around us and are fundamentally no different to other organisms. A clone has the same DNA sequence as its parent and so they are genetically identical. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/dolly_the_sheep.htm] -
Sahelanthropus Tchandensis fossil discovered
The Sahelanthropus Tchandensis was discovered in the year 2001, scientist believe it live about 6 to 7 million years ago in West Africa. It is also believe to be the oldest evidence of upright walking animal, which may have helped it survive its strange, harsh and diverse habitats Scientist believe that it might of had the size and appearance of a chimpanzee along with human features such as walking upright and teeth just like ours. [http://eol.org/pages/4454150/details] -
The Human Genome is Fully Sequenced
The main goals of the Human Genome Project included the creation of physical and genetic maps of the human genome, which were done in the also the 1990s mapping and sequencing of a set of five model organisms, including the mouse.[https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ ] -
Louis Pasteur refute spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to test whether sterile nutrient broth could spontaneously generate microbial life. In both of the flasks Pasteur added nutrient broth then bent the necks of the flasks into S shapes, and then boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes. [http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generation/]
