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126 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen of Pergamon a Greek physician, writer, and philosopher had a large influence on medical theory and practice in Europe. His methods were eagerly followed and physicians repeated his experiments. This led to the discredit of Galen as an anatomist. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum -
Lamarck develops hypothesis of evolution by means of aquired characteristics.
Lamarcks theories were cheifly ignored during his lifetime, but we're important because it sparked interest in evolution. Darwin and other evolutionists recognised him as the forerunner for evolution due to "inheritance of aquired traits". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.htm -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin joined the crew of the HMS Beagle to travel to South Africa and the Galapagos to gather information and specimens. He set out for 2 years but spent 5 gathering information and observations filling dozens of notebooks. This was the trip that lead up to writting "The Origins of Species". https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
Louis Pasture refutes spontaneous generation
He created an experiment to refute spontaneous life. He put some sterile broth in a flask that exposed the broth to the air. The 2nd experiment he left the broth in the s shaped flasks. The broth exposed to the air had microbial life, the flasks with the s shape did not. This proved that the dust facilitated the growth of the microbial life and it was not just spontaneous http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generation/ -
The Origin of Species by means of Natural selection is published
This was a book written by Charles Darwin. This book is considered the basis for evolutionary biology. The Scientific theory that populations evolve over years through a process called natural selection. Darwins theory of adaptation through modification is still used today. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species -
The Germ Theory of disease is published
This states that diseases are caused by micro organisms. Pasture observed this due to wine becoming sour if left out. This replaced the miasma theory.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-germ-theory-of-disease-definition-louis-pasteur.html -
IGregor Mendel on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Gregor Mendel, the "father of modern genetics," was an Austrian monk,. Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity doing experiments witn pea plants in his monastery's garden. His conclusions gave us the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.https://www.biography.com/people/gregor-mendel-39282 -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the the causative agent of malaria.
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, an army surgeon in Algeria, was the first to discover parasites in the blood of a maleria patient . Laveran was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1907.Camillo Golgi, an Italian neurophysiologist, established that there were at least two forms of the disease. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Harvey-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequency in populations
Hardy and Weinberg conclude that it is the population as that evolves. Evolution is a change in frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population.
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/synthetic/synth_2.htm -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex linkage
T Hunt Morgan was an American zoologist and geneticist, he is known for his fruit fly experiments. He gave us the chromosome theory of heredity. He proved sex linked traits are responsible for viable hereditary traits. Morgan’s fruit fly experiments are still used today in the field of genetics. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hunt-Morgan -
Neils Bohr develops the bohr model of atom structure
Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom. in which his theory that electrons revolve around the nucleus in orbits. He gave us the quantum theory, and contributed greatly to Atomic structure.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niels-Bohr -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
Griffith's experiment, with the mice was the first experiment where you could see that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through transformation. He worked a vaccine for Spanish influenza he discovered that one injection coverd itself with a polysaccharide that protected it from the hosts immune system which resulted in death of the host the nonvirulent strain did not and the host survived. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%27s_experiment -
Avery, Macloed and McCartny determine that DNA is the molecule that carries genetic code
They had discovered that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation. It had previously been thought to be caused by proteins. http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1944_Avery.php -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA is genetic material.At this time scientists still believed that proteins carried the information for inheritance. They used Bacteriophages, to infect bacteria but most of the proteins were left behind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-ray crystallography and develops image 51
Rosalind Franklin a Chemist from Cambridge and discovered one of her photographs image 51 provided key information into DNA structure. Unfortunately she died of ovarian cancer and never received the Nobel Peace prize, and Crick and Watson took most of the credit.
https://www.biography.com/people/rosalind-franklin-9301344 -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
At Cambridge University Watson and Crick announce that they have determined the double helix of DNA the molecule containing DNA. Paul Linus and Rosalind Franklin were also involved in this break through discovery. They discovered it was a double helix polymer or a spiral of two DNA strands.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/watson-and-crick-discover-chemical-structure-of-dna -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl's helped prove the concept of the double helix. Meselson, a graduate student, and Stahl, both at the California Institute of Technology. They backed up the model for DNA that had already been studied but the scientific community was still refuting. scientistists were questioning if two intertwined and tangled strands of a helix could physically code for the material of inheritance. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.full -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
The question still remained how is the information in the DNA strand translated to protein? Together with his colleague Johann H. Matthaei, the Russian scientist Nirenberg set out to crack the code. They used a so-called "cell-free" system. Doing this they cracked the first letter of the code.
https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis is the key contributor to the theory of symbiosis in evolution. http://www.pnas.org/content/109/4/1022.full -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
NASA puts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldridge on the moon. President Kennedy was trying to win the space race. Armstrong radios "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Mission control erupts in celebration as the tension breaks, and a controller tells the crew "You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue, we're breathing again." https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html -
The Sanger Technique is developed
Fred Sanger is responsible for sequencing DNA. DNA is replicated in the presence of chemically altered versions of the A, C, G, and T bases.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_sequencing -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Scientists exploring the Galápagos Rift along the mid-ocean ridge in the eastern Pacific noticed a series of temperature spikes in their data. They didn't the temperature change spike. The scientists discoved deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Along with this discovery the scientists found an unique ecosystem, with new species.https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
Kary Mullins develops polymerase chain reaction
Kary Mullins developed the polymerase chain reaction, a technique that allows a specific stretch of DNA to be copied billions of times in a few hours.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kary-B-Mullis -
The innocence project is founded
This was created to free innocent people wrongly convicted. They provide free legal help and work to improve the legal system. They use DNA to prove innocence.
https://www.innocenceproject.org/ -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
RNA splicing was discovered by two scientists Phillp Allen Sharp and Richard J. Roberts. The initial discovery of RNA splicing led to the resolution of an earlier paradox in which scientists had discovered RNA in the nucleus that was unusually long compared to the mRNA found in the cytoplasm of thecell
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spliceosome -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly the sheep was the first mamal cloned from an adult somatic cell. They used the process of nuclear transfer. The took the cell from a mamory gland thus the name Dolly.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(sheep) -
Sahelanthroupus tchadensis fossil discovered
Remains were found in Chad that they think are about 7 million years old. This discovery had helped scientists because they feel this is possibly during the human line split from apes. Claimed as one of the most significant discoveries in the field of human evolution.
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
Human genome is fully sequenced
The human genome project took years to complete. It was orginally picked up by the US gov. The "genome" of any given individual is unique; mapping the "human genome" involved sequencing a small number of individuals and then assembling these together to get a complete sequence for each chromosome.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project -
CRISPr/CAS9 is identified and described
CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome? by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR -
Richard L. Bible is executed
He was executed due to DNA evidence that found on his victim 23 years later.
https://storify.com/azds/richard-bible-execution-and-death-row-coverage
