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Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
first anatomists achievements in the understanding of the heart, the nervous system, and the mechanics of breathing.Human dissection was forbidden, so he performed many of his dissections on apes.The system of anatomy he developed was so influential that it was used for the next 1400 years. Galen was influential into the 16th century. -
Lamarch develops hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
known as "Lamarckism" hypothesis is that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism may be transmitted to their offspring -
Voyage of HMS Beagle
Written by Charles Darwin. travel memoir/scientific field journal that covers biology, geology, anthropology. -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
disproofed the traditional idea of the spontaneous generation -
Origin of species by means of Natural selection is publised
Charles Darwin, considered the foundation of evolutionary biology -
Germ theory of disease is published
states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms -
Gregor Mendel publishes work on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Demonstrated the actions of invisible "factors" known as genes. Predictably determines the traits of an organism -
Hardy and Weinberg independantly develop the Hardy- Weinberg equation for determing allele frequencies in population
states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex linkage
1908 1st genetic map from student after 1908 experiment with fruit flys 1911 concluded that some traits were sex linked -
Niels Bohr developed the Bohr model of an atom structure
depict the atom as a small positive charge nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around nucleus -
Frederick Griffith describes te process of transformation
One of the first experiments showing that bacteria can get DNA through a process called transformation -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes "Genetics and the Origin of Species"
on of the most important works of the modern evolutionary synthesis. Explains evolution in depth as a process over time that account for the diversity of all life on Earth -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
American scientist and cytogeneticist . During the 1940s and 1950s, McClintock discovered transposition, used it to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off. developed theories to explain the suppression and expression of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next. Due to skepticism of her research and its implications, she stopped publishing her data in 1953McClintock's research became well understood in the 1960s and 1970s -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1gene, 1 enzyme hypothesis
Idea that genes act through the production of enzymes with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in metabolic pathway -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
Cousteau and partner Gagnan co-invent a demand valve system that supplied divers with compressed air. named it Aqua-Lung -
RosalindFranklin works with DNA and X-ray crystallography and develops Image 51
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Ernst Mayr develops the biological spieces concept
Wrote the book Systematics ad the Origin of species. Species are believed that they are not just a group of morphologically similar individuals but a group that can breed only among themselves, excluding all others -
Avery, Maclead and McCsrty determine the DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
discovered DNA, not protein, may be the hereditary material of bacteria and could be analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms -
Hershey-Chase experiment published
Helped confirm DNA is genetic material. Hershey shared noble prize for this in 1969 -
Miller-Urey experiment published
chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present o the early earth, it tested the chemical origin of life under those condition -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
answers the question of how genes are passed on from generation to generation -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
experiment which supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative. In semiconservative replication, when the double stranded DNA helix is replicated, each of the two new double-stranded DNA helices consisted of one strand from the original helix and one newly synthesized. It has been called "the most beautiful experiment in biology."[ -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at spreading centers, ocean basins, and hotspots.[1] Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles and geysers. -
Nirenberg cracks genetic code
won a noble prize for breaking the genetic code and between the years 1961 and 1962 it was considered the "coding race" -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Evolutionist Lynn Margulis showed that a major organizational event in the history of life probably involved the merging of two or more lineages through symbiosis. In 1970 she published her argument in The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. -
Theodosius Dabzhanky publishes "Nothing in science makes sense except in the light of evolution"
biological evolution, debate abut creation and evolution in public education in US. fact that evolution occurs explains the interrelatedness of the various facts of biology makes sense -
Australopithicus Afarensis nicknamed "Lucy" discovered
discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia. 100 pieced of bone fossil representing 40% of the skeleton of a female of the hominin species Australopithicus Afrensis -
Dolly the sheep cloned
first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell. She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, and lived there until her death when she was six years old. Her birth was announced on February 22, 1997. -
Sanger technique developed
chemically altered "dideoxy" bases to terminate newly synthesized DNA fragments at specific bases -
spliceosomes
large and complex molecular machine found primarily within the splicing speckles of cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. It is an easy, cheap, and reliable way to repeatedly replicate a focused segment of DNA, a concept which is applicable to numerous fields in modern biology and related sciences.[1] -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats are segments of prokaryotic DNA containing short, repetitive base sequences. Prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmid and phages that provide a form of acquired immunity -
Tommie Lee Andrew convicted of rape
1st American ever convicted in a case involving DNA evidence -
innocense project founded
non profit legal organization committed to exonerating wrongly convicted people through use of DNA testing and reforming criminal justice system to prevent future Injustice -
Sahelan Thropus Tchadensis fossil discovered
First and only so far of Thropus discovered are 9 cranial specimens from Northern Chad. Research team of scientist led by French paleontologist Michael Brunet uncovered fossil -
Human genome is fully sequenced
In April, 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium announced a finished version of the human genome sequence -
Human Genome is fully sequenced
April, 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium announced a finished version of the human genome sequence -
Homo denisova fossil discovered
fossil finger bone found of female in Denisova Cave -
Richard L Bible is executed
executed for the death of small girl in Flagstaff. he was executed by lethal injection
