-
Sep 1, 1500
Ice Bridge
The Indians were the first people to use this bridge. The Ice Bridge was formed from the East of Russia into the West of Alaska. This migration happened during the Ice Age. -
Period: Sep 1, 1500 to
Population
-
Sep 2, 1534
Jaques Cartier Voyages
Jaques Cartier was send to find a new route to Asia, but he ended up discorvering North America. He was also sent on this voyage to bring back gold and other riches, and to claim land for the king. Jaques Cartier had three seperate voyges:
- 1534 he explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence.
- 1535 he sailed up the St-Lawrence and reached Stadacona. - 1541 he tried to set up a colonie but failed -
Port Royal
The king sent a voyage (Samuel de Champlain) to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called the Port Royal. The Port Royal failed due to its position -
New France
Champlain had returned to establish a trading post which was near Stadacona (Quebec City), which is at a point where the river narrows. This would later be called New France. New France has grown quickly due to the Fur Trade -
The Seigneurial Regime
It was used as a methode of land division to help cultivate the new colonie. The king would grant pieces of land to the rich French men which were known as the Seigneurs or Lords. From this, they would receive rent from the peasents (censitaire) who lived on this land, and then the Lords gave half of the money to the King of France. The purpose of this new system was to help the new settlers to come to New France and to stay organized. -
Population of New France
New France was not developing, it was mostly people working for the fur trade. The English were Protestants, and the French were Catholic. -
Jean Talon immigration policies
- he wanted about everyone to come to New France except the French Protestants (Huguenots)
- Soldiers were offered free land once their service was done, and if the agreed to stay.
- The minor criminals who would try to escape would end up in prision situated back in France
-
Filles du Roi
- orphan girls who lived on the streets of france
- the would be quickly married once they arrive in New France
- couples who got married young would bepayed
- fathers whos kids weren't married, mostly girls, would have to pay fines
- men w over 21 and who were still single had to pay fines with the hopes to increase the population eventually The population even increased very rapidly. In 1663, there were only 3000 people, but in 1760 the population was at 70 000 people.
-
Relations with the Natives
- alliances were formed
- the aboriginal population lessened due to deseases and war
- there was crossbreeding between the different culture groups
- there was a change in their occupation of territory and migration
- and there were negative influences
-
Composition of the population
There was a vast majority of men due to the fact that they were required in the fur trade. The population consisted of, Europeans, Aboriginals, Métis and the slaves. There was also a social piramid.
- Nobility/Elite (Governor)
- Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seigneurs)
- Peasants/Habitants (Censitaires) -
British Regime
The population was 99% French and 1% English, but they all were British subjects.
-In 1791, land would be granted to railroad and shipping companies
-In 1812, there were laws discouraging the American immigration that took place in Upper Canada
-In 1840, the Colonial Land and Emigration Commission along with the permanent immigration office was established in London -
British Immigration
Between 1763-1783 there was the arrival of the British merchants in the cities, but it wasnt enough to drastically change the population.
From 1783-1800 there was the immigration wave of the Loyalists and Americans. There was an impacts on the formation of the population and the settlement of the territory due to their arrival. -
Effects of the Loyalists
There were 36,000 loyalist that came to Canada (Maritimes) and 6000 to Qubec (West of Montreal). This wave of immigration was the second one to happen. Since they had arrived, there was a sudden increase in the English population (1%-10%). -
Potato Famine
There were many waves of Irish immigration due to the Potato Famine. While they were on their way to Quebec, the conditions were very difficult, but there were also diseases that spreaded. If any individual showed symptoms of any disease, they would be sent to Grosse-Ile which was known as the quarantine station. -
Emigration to the United States and the west
The overpopulation of the siegneuries would lead to:
- The emigration to the forest regions of Quebec (Outaouais, Témiscamingue and Western Canada.
- The emigration to the US was high since there existed more jobs in the USA
- The jobs would pay more, and they were safer -
Relations with the Native population
They continued to have alliances with one another to keep the fur trade going. Also in 1850, there was land reserved for indigenous people, which were the Natives -
Composition of the population
The composition of the population was where the effects of natural movements and migrations on the composition of the population and settlement of the territory. The French-Canadian remaind the majority of the population due to their high birth rate. English-speaking minority was growing due to the waves of immigration. -
Different Policies to promote immigration
There were four different policies:
1. They had to share federal-provinvial powers with regard to immigration matters under BNA (British North American Act)
2. John A MacDonald wanted to increase the population by recruiting immigrants and handing over land to rail companies to settle west.
3. Waves of immigration following international events such as, economic crises, wars, etc...
4. There were discriminatory immigration policies put in place until the end of the Second World War -
Composition of the population
There were effects of natural movements and immigration on the population and the occupation of territory. The French Canadians still remained in the majority in Quebec. The "pluriculturality" (multiple cultures/ethnicity) had increased in the bigger cities.
CONCEPTS: POPULATION, pluriculturality, migration, growth, identity, belonging and society -
Emigration to the United States and the west
There was tons of lack of employment in the agricultural sector towards the end of the 19th century. There was a thing called "Brain Drain". It's when your most educated and skilled workers leave to seek better opportunities for work, or rich people would take them from the poorest countries and help them out with their lives.
