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Aug 29, 1500
Iroquois
-Southern group
-Semi farmers(semi-sedentary so they stay in the same place for 10-15 years)
-Agriculture = main source of food
-Good fighters because they knew where everybody was
-live in long houses
-matriarch -
Aug 29, 1500
Algonquins
-Nothern group
-Nomadic hunters (follow the animals)
-Bring meat down to south
-Not much of a warrior society
-Equality and no possetion (native in general)
-Them vs Iroquois Farmers in the Lowlands
-Patriarch -
Period: Aug 29, 1500 to
Population & Settlement
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Sep 4, 1500
Settlement of north-eastern America
-the impact of natural and migratory movements on the formation of the population of the north-east America in 1500
-migration by the Bering Strait
-natural increase in population -
Sep 14, 1500
Jacques Cartier comes to America 1500s
-find a route to Asia
-bring back gold and other riches
-claim land for the king of France -
Sep 15, 1534
Trip 1 - Jacques Carter
explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, reported what he thought was gold but lots of fish, timber and furs -
Sep 15, 1535
Trip 2 - Jacques Carter
Sailed up the St-Lawrence, reached Stadacona (Quebec). Nice natives showed Europeans how to survive winter and scurvy. They return with native captives -
Sep 15, 1541
Trip 3 - Jacques Cartier
Attempted to set up a colony (not successful) Missionaries attempted to convert natives. France lost interest for 60 yrs -
1st Permanent Settlement -Samuel de Champlain
-to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal
-Port Royale failed because of it's position (too far from Natives) -
French Regime 1608-1760
-evolution of the organization and settlement of the territory around 1500
-Jacques Cartier
-Samuel De Champlain
-fur trade = growth of New France
-Seigneurial Regime
-Jean Talon -
2nd Permanent Settlement - Samuel de Champlain returns 1608-09
to establish a trading post near Stadacona (Quebec), a pointwhere the river narrows, which would be called New France (Quebec City) -
Seigneurial Regime
The king would grant pieces of land to rich French men (Seigneurs or Lords). They would hav to develop the land and recieve rent from the peasants (censitaire) who lived on it. Both the Seigneur and the Censitaire had responsibilities to each other. -
3rd permanent settlement
In 1642, a third settlement was founded named Ville-Marie. The purpose of this settlement was to evangelize the Amerindians but it became a major trading post because it was located in the heart of the Amerindian territory. In the 18th century, it was renamed Montreal. -
Jean Talon Populates New France - First Wave of Immigration
-Soldiers were offered free land
-engagés
-Minor criminals
-Filles du roi (quickly married to make babies - increase population)
-Payments were given to couples who married young
-Fathers of unmarried girls paid fines -
Great Peace of Montreal
In 1701, Indians from 40 different nations, gathered in Montreal to negotiate a comprehensive peace among themselves and the French -
End of the French Regime - social groups
-Nobility/Elite (governor)
-Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (seighneurs)
-The Church/clergy
-Peasants/Habitant (centitaries)
-Slaves -
British Regime
Ended in 1867. There were many policies to promote immigration. The immigrants consisted of Loyalists and Americans -
Proclamation of 1763
The territorial concessions were finally given to the British and The French had lost the territory. All the people on the territory had become British subjects. -
The Second Wave of Immigration - part 1
The British (wealthy buisness men) came to take over New France -
Second Wave of Immigration - part 2
36 000 loyalists came to Canada (most settled in Maritimes) and 6 000 loyalists came to Quebec (most settled in West of Montreal). The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase of 1 to 10 percent. They settled in Townships and gave their settlements English names. -
Third Wave of Immigration
In 1815, there was a lot of Irish immigration due to the Irish Potato Famine and the cholera epidemic(quarentine station at Grosse-Ile). The Irish were accepted in Quebec because they we're catholic but also hated in Quebec because they took the jobs away. -
Abolishment of Slavery
Black slaves lived in the British regions of Canada in the 17th and 18th century. Slavery was legal in Canada until the British Parliament Slavery Abolishment Act in 1834. -
British North American Act
-first conference in Charlottetown and the second one in Quebec
-Became the Dominion of Canada : Quebec, Ontatio, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
-Canada became a federation with a strong central government and a provincial government -
Contemporary Period
Sharing with federal-provincial powers with regard to the immigration matters under the BNA. There began increase of the urban population. -
Emigration to the United States and the west
Overpopulation in the country so the people on the farm moved to the city and moved to Vermont, New Hampshire or out west when the city gets too gross. -
Indian Act
A new law was created for the Amerindians. Natives claims relatied to the exploitation of natural ressources -
1st phase of industrialization
-From 1885-1900:
-factories
-Producing finished products like making shoes or jackets or pots and pans. -
2nd Phase - natural ressources
1900-1915: instead of using industrial ressoures to create the producsts, they use natural ressources
-brain drain -
Diversification of the population
Until the end of the 2nd World War, there were discriminatory immigration policies and since 1945, there has been a diversification of the population -
Oka Crisis
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however issues remained.
