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1500
The land bridge
The first occupants coming from Russia and Asia arrived by the land bridge. Which was created during the ice age. -
1500
Iroquois
The Iroquois were a sedimentary group living in a village of longhouses with around 200 people. It was a matriarchal society meaning the women were slightly more important for example when a couple got married the man would move into the women's longhouse. The women did the agricultural things while the men hunted and fished. -
1500
Algonquians
The Algonquians were a nomadic society meaning they built small tents and moved around quite a lot trying to follow their food. The women picked berries because they did not have a permanent garden whereas the men hunted and fished just like the Iroquois. This group was a patriarchy meaning the men were the leaders. -
1500
Inuits
The Inuits were the last natives to arrive in America. Because they got there last they had to move to the coldest regions so they made very warm fur jackets and lived mostly in igloos. There was not much food it the arctic so their main source of food was ice fishing. -
Period: 1500 to
Population and settlement
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1534
Jacques Cartier in general
Jacques Cartier was an explorer working for the king of France. He was the first European to set foot in what is now America. He had three goals decided by the king. Firstly they wanted to find a route to Asia. The second thing he wanted to find was gold, spices and other riches. He ended up finding a whole new continent and a completely different culture. -
1534
Jacques Cartier's First Voyage
On his first voyage, he left with only 61 men after almost a month of sailing he reached Newfoundland. He found the Gulf of St. Lawrence and reached the provinces of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. He continued west finding Chaleur Bay and reaching Gaspé. There he met aboriginals from the city of Quebec. He planted a cross and did some trading with the aboriginals. He returned to France bringing to aboriginals back with him. -
1535
Jacques Cartier's Second Voyage
For his second trip he was much more prepared he had 110 men, 3 bigger ships, and the 2 aboriginal guides. The sailed for around 50 days when they finally reached Newfoundland. They came through the gulf st Lawrence and continued along the st Lawrence river. They were guided to what is now Quebec city and settled there for the winter. Cartier sailed all the way up to what is now Montreal. They met more Iroquois but later ruined their relationship and soon left. -
1541
Jacques Cartier's Third Voyage
This trip’s main purpose was to attempt to colonize New France. He arrived and had to explain to the aboriginals that their friends were dead so he lied. He stayed there for a year but his efforts to colonize Canada did not workout. He was unhappy returning to France and the explorers with him wanted to try to find diamonds so this elongated their trip home to about 4 months. This was his last voyage to Canada. -
Samuel de Champlain: Voyages to Canada
The king wanted to settle a French population into new france but he needed to find the right spot so he sent Champlain to explore and find the right place for fur trade. The king also wanted him to settle things with the aboriginals. In 1604 he sailed to Acadie with another explorer. They explored that region and then went on to what is now New England he continued as far as Cape Cod. His and his fellow explored chose to settle in Quebec over Acadie because the fur trade would be easier there. -
Samuel de Champlain: Settlement
Champlain wanted to make Quebec a powerful French colony. His dream came true with the Compagnie des Cent-Associés was founded to establish the French empire in Canada. He built many buildings but lots of men died because of the cold winters and different diseases. Champlain made alliances with the algonquians to help them. He continued to explore until he dies in 1635. -
Positive and Negative Influences that the Europeans/Natives had on Each Other
Europeans learned:
-Survival in the winter
-Eat corn, pumpkin, maple syrup
-Hunting for food
-Getting places by canoe or with snowshoes
Natives learned:
-About weapons (guns), iron tools
-How to make salt, bread
-Making clothing
-Suffered because of alcohol and disease -
Seigneurial regime
The seigneurial regime was created in order to cultivate New France. A large piece of land was given to rich French men (seigneurs, lords) They would get a big portion of the land and then rent small parts of their land to peasants. The rent was paid not with money but with crops or other chores. This helped to create small towns and villages. -
Jean Talon
He was the intendant in New France. His main goal was to get the french to immigrant (except Protestants). After a soldier's service was done he offered them land in New France. They also gave prisoners of small crime an option to go live in New France instead of jail. Orphan girls called the Filles du Roi were also sent to New France to marry the men that were already there and have children. Couples with many children would get money. Anyone who was not married by 21 would get fined. -
Composition of the population during the french regime
The majority of the population were men because they moved there for work. Later single women did come to marry the men. There were four main cultural groups. The Europeans, the aboriginals, the Metis which was mixed between European and aboriginal and then there were slaves. The Europeans had three social groups which made a pyramid. The nobles were on top they were with the government, then the middle class or the seigneurs and finally the peasants or censitaires. -
7 Year War & Conquest
The conquest war also known as the 7 year war happened all over the world because of the conflict between the French and the British. The British won and kept the French colony although they let the French people stay they had to stay loyal to the king of britain this is how the British rule began. -
British Regime: Immigration policies
The rich French men (families) left but poorer or average French stayed because Canada was what there what they're used to, however, they are all now British Subjects. The population was 99% French and 1% English. The English wanted other English people to immigrate. First came the rich English businessmen who wanted to take over. To encourage immigration they started giving away land. The propaganda began to encourage immigration. -
The loyalists
The loyalists were simply British people wanting to stay loyal to the king. 36,000 loyalists came to Canada mostly settling in the Maritimes. 6,000 loyalists came to Quebec settling mostly in the West of Montreal. This increased the English population from 1% to 10%. The English then decided to change how the territory was separated into townships which were almost the same things but with squares instead of rectangles. -
Constitutional Act
This act was created by the British Parliament, it was the first step towards the Canadian confederation. The British immigrants in Upper Canada could have English laws and institutions. The French-speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain French civil law and the Catholic religion. -
Sickness and Immigration
The Irish also started to immigrate because of the potato famine which left them all starving. The only problem was that people on the boats would arrive sick and would need to go to Grosse-Ile a quarantine island. -
Slavery and its abolition
The British had slaves in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 17090 there was an act saying that slaves were the property of their owners. Loyalists became slaves for the French. Slavery was only illegal in all parts of the British empire when the British Parliament created the Slavery Abolition Act in 1834. -
Overpopulation of farmland
The farmland in Canada became overpopulated which lead to emigration to the forest regions Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie and Outaouais. The church encouraged these new territories because the church like the country because people get into less trouble in the country. People also went to the United States since there were more opportunities in the USA. -
Aboriginals in the Contemporary Period
The British decided to kick the aboriginals out of their usual habitat and made them live in reserves where they lost many traditions because of lack of food. The aboriginals did rebel which leads to the Indian act in 1876. Most Amerindians gave up their old ways and suffered in extreme poverty. The living conditions did improve. -
Population Growth in the 20th Century
The British wanted Europeans to immigrate. The immigration in Canada well between the 2 world wars and then increased again in the 1940s.In 1970 immigration of became more diverse because the abolished the immigration act of 1952. In the 1970s and 1980s, thousands of English speaking immigrants left Quebec. Lots of couples had as many kids as possible for mostly religious beliefs until 1960 when those beliefs had changed a bit. -
Emigration to the United States and the west
There were no more job opportunities for jobs in the agricultural sector. The end of the 19th century, beginning 20th century was a huge industrialization period so many people moved to the city in the 1990s workers started leaving because they felt they were to educated for the simple factory jobs they were doing. -
Contemporary issues
The population was diminishing because the young crowd was moving to bigger cities out of Quebec. Which is why the government is trying to get families to immigrate and get couples to have kids. The government wants to preserve French in Quebec which is why they check who is immigrating to Quebec and make sure they can speak French or will learn too.
