-
1500
Land Bridge
-Connected Russia and Asia to North America
-Was formed by the ice age
-The way North America was founded by people -
1500
The Iroquois
-They lived a sedentary lifestyle
-They moved every 10-15 years because of soil depletion, deterioration of their longhouses, and because they have used up all of the close resources such as wood
-They lived in longhouses
-They lived in villages with several hundred inhabitants
-Their village was typically protected by a palisade and surrounded by crops
-Their principal activity of survival was agriculture
-They lived on the rich soil of the St. Lawrence Valley -
1500
The First Occupants
-Also known as the first occupants or Aboriginals
-They were of Asian origin
-They were nomadic hunters
-They crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Asia to North America (from where Alaska is now)
-They did so 30 000 years ago -
1500
Relationships between the Natives
-The Hurons cultivated corn, beans, squash, (the 3 sisters)and tobacco
-The Algonquians did hunting and fishing
-The Hurons and the Algonquians traded their goods with each other
-The trading was for economic use and alliances between the Algonquians and the Hurons
-Although the Hurons are part of the Iroquois family they were enemies and were always at war
-The Iroquois also fought against the Maliseets, the Innus, and the Algonquians
-Conflicts were commercial issues and to restore lost pride -
1500
The Algonquian
-They lived a nomadic lifestyle
-They lived in wigwams
-Wigwams are easy to move
-Their principal activities of survival were hunting, gathering, and fishing
-In summer they set up large camps with up to 500 people near rivers and streams
-In winter they spread out in bands so they wouldn't be drawing on the same resources
-In the winter they were in groups of around 15 people
-They lived mainly in the forests of the Canadian shield and the Appalachian mountains -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Population and settlement
-
1534
Jacques Cartier
-He was a French Navigator
-He explored the St. Lawrence region
-His 3 goals were to find a new route to Asia, to find precious metals, and spices and to claim new land for the King of France
-He went on three voyages
-His first voyage was in 1534, he explored the gulf of St. Lawrence but he only found fish, fur and, timber
-His second voyage was in 1535, he discovered Stadacona and returned to France with native chiefs
-His third voyage was in 1541 and he tried to set up a colony but it failed -
Allies
-The French traded fur with the Native Nations
-The French allied with the Algonquians, the Abenaki, the Innu, and the Hurons
-That made the Iroquois' Five Nations to go to war against the French because the Iroquois were enemies of these nations
-The conflicts became violent because everyone wanted to trade with the Europeans who supplied them with firearms -
Allies 2
-The French participated in battles against the Iroquois' Five Nations to prove they were good allies
-The war between French and Iroquois lasted about a century
-The war was approximately from 1600-1701
-The war ended with the signing of the Great Peace of Montreal
-That re-established a certain level of security in New France -
Natives → Europeans
-The natives taught the Europeans how to survive the winter
-The natives taught the Europeans how to use canoes for transportation
-The natives showed the Europeans certain foods such as corn, maple syrup, and pumpkins -
Europeans → Natives
-Firearms
-Iron tools
-Foods such as salt and bread
-Alcohol
-Diseases such as cholera and smallpox -
Consequences of Europeans to the Natives
-The French transmitted diseases to the Amerindians to which they were not immune
-More than half the population of Hurons died over a ten-year period because of the outbreak of smallpox
-The French also tried to convert the Amerindians to Christianity and to a sedentary lifestyle
-The French also tried to make them live under French laws and values
-The Amerindians lost a lot of land because the Europeans treated them as if they had no rights and gave away most of their territory in a treaty -
Port Royal
-Tried by Samuel de Champlain
-Attempted settlement in Nova Scotia
-Failed because of its position -
First Permanent Settlement
-Samuel de Champlain's second trip
-Established a trading post
-In Stadacona (Quebec City) -
Seigneurial Regime
-The king of France wanted to increase the population
-He would grant rich French men pieces of land (seigneurs)
-Then they would ask peasant (censitaire) and minor criminals to come to New France and they would receive a free piece of land
-The seigneuries were rectangle and perpendicular to the St. Lawrence River
-They were long and narrow and the houses were close together -
The Company of One Hundred Associates
-They were a French trading and colonization company
-They worked in fur trade
-King of France put the Company of One Hundred Associates in charge of populating the colony
-The company attracted several hundred colonists
-They did not reach their goal of 4000 that they had originally projected
-Most of the French people they brought in were single men
-Some of them came with their spouses
-Lords and religious communities recruited more than 200 girls from France to be wed in New France -
Second Permanent Settlement
-Champlain was part of it
-Sieur Laviolette was in charge
-They founded Trois-Rivières
-At the confluence of the St. Maurice and St. Lawrence rivers
-This site allowed furriers to communicate with each other and prevented Iroquois from intercepting their trade -
Third Permanent Settlement
-Ville-Marie
-Founded by Paul Chomedey Sieur de Maisonneuve
-Near the Iroquois village of Hochelaga
-Purpose of the settlement was to evangelize the Amerindians
-It soon became a major trading post because it was in the heart of the Amerindian territory
-In the 18th century, it was renamed Montreal -
Jean Talon
-He was the first attendant
-Hired by the King of France (King Louis XIV) to grow the population
-Created Filles du Roy
- Created "Thirty-six Months
-He brought solidiers
-He opened immigration to everybody
-Created consequences (fines) if you're not married by a certain age
-He created bonus for families with a certain amount of children -
Thirty-six Months (the engagés)
-Tradesmen and craftsmen from France were hired in New France
-They got a 3-year contract by an employer who would pay their expenses across the Atlantic
-The workers would often clear the lands of the St. Lawrence Valley
-Those practicing a trade for several years in New France would be able to return to France with the title of Master Craftsmen which was hard to obtain in France
-At the end of their contract, they were encouraged to stay in New France and to practice agriculture on a seigneury -
The Soldiers
-The king sent 1200 soldiers from France to New France to contain the Iroquois and to ensure the colonists' security
-The soldiers succeeded in re-establishing the peace with Iroquois in less than three years
-Jean Talon encouraged the soldiers to stay after their military service and offered them land and money
-The high-ranking soldiers were given a seigneury
-600 soldiers stayed in New France and settled
-They married girls from the Filles du Roy and started their family in New France -
Filles du Roy
-Orphan girls in France are brought to New France
-They get put on a runway and are chosen by men
-The prettiest girls are from Quebec because it's the first stop
-They marry the man who chooses them
-Then they have 10 - 15 babies -
Slavery
-The Canadian First Nations owned or traded in slaves
-They were Amerindian from the Panis nation that lived in the center of the United States
-There were approximately 4000 slaves during the French Regime
-Approximately one-third of the 4000 slaves were African from the Carribean or the British Colonies
-Black slaves existed in British regions of Canada in the 17th and 18th centuries
-Most of the slaves worked in the cities as servants
-Slave owners were the elite or the clergy -
Social Groups
-The social groups were broken up into three categories: the secular elite, the church, and the people
-The secular elite: administrators (governor, intendant, and judicial officials), aristocrats (nobles and lords), bourgeois (rich merchants)
-The church: bishop, secular clergy (priests), regular clergy (religious communities such as the Jesuits, the Recollets, the Grey Nuns or the Ursulines)
-The people: farmers, craftsmen, labourers (unskilled workers), small merchants, servants, and slaves -
Loyalists
-During the American Revolution, thousands of Loyalists left the United States
-They went to settle in the British colonies
-They were called Loyalists because they were loyal to the King of Britain so when they left the United States they went to another English colony
-2 thousand loyalists chose to settle in Quebec -
Loyalists 2
-Many of them cleared the lands south of the St. Lawrence River near the American border and subdivided the land into townships
-The result was they established the Easter Townships
-Before the loyalists, the population was 99% French and 1% English and after the loyalists, the population it was 90% French and 10% English -
Constitutional Act
-Divided Canada into 2
-Upper Canada → English
-Lower Canada → French
-The goal was to satisfy the French and English because they didn’t like each other and they annoyed each other so they separated them by creating upper and lower Canada
-It was the first step towards the Canadian Confederation
-It's what started the rebellion in the 2 Canada’s -
Grosse-Île
-It was located 48 km downstream from Quebec
-It was a quarantine
-Some of the people coming from Ireland, Scotland, England and Whales got sick on the boat on the way to Canada
-Most of them got cholera or typhoid
-They were put on this island to stay away from everyone else so the diseases and epidemics wouldn't spread
-Thousands of immigrants, mainly Irish, died on the island in quarantine
