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Sep 1, 1500
ice bridge
The first inhabitants were the Indians. They migrated to North America via ice bridge. The ice bridge connected the far eastern coast of Russia to the very west of Alaska. From then on, the Indians dispersed all across North America. -
Period: Sep 1, 1500 to
Population
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Sep 2, 1534
Jacques Cartier's voyages
It started when Jacques Cartier was sent to find an alternate route to Asia, bring back gold and other riches, and claim land for the king of France. Jacques Cartier had three seperate voyages to North America;
-1534: explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, and found furs, fish, and timber.
-1535: Reached Stadacona (Quebec) and the Natives showed him how to suvive the winter and scurvy.
-1541: attempted to set up a colony, but failed. France lost interest for 60 years. -
Port Royal
The King of France sent a voyage to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal. Samuel de Champlain was part of this settlement, but it failed because it was too far for the Indians to trade, and no one lived there. -
New France (French Europeans: 1st wave)
Champlain returned to establish a trading post near Stadacona (Quebec), a point where the river the river narrows. It would later be called New France, and became the first permanent settlement. It grew quickly because of Fur Trade. (Fur hats were quite popular.) A bit after, Trois-Rivieres and Montreal were established. The cities and villages were vastly rural with only small towns as urban center. The 3 settlements all happened along the St. Lawrence river. -
The Seigneurial Regime
The seigneurial system was needed to cultivate the new colony. Rich French men were granted land, they were known was Seigneurs or Lords. On their land, would be peasants (censitaires) who worked and lived on it.
-the peasants had to use the provided mill, and pay for it, work on the field, use the grazing area, pay taxes to the Lords, and give a portion of their crops.
-the Seigneurs had to provide a mill, build roads, and pay the king the money that the peasants paid them. -
Population of New France
Although New France was the first permanent settlement, it wasn't developping, it was mainly people working for fur trade. The king wanted to encourage settlement, so he put intendant, Jean Talon in charge of NF. Jean Talon wanted pretty much anyone to come live in new France, except for Huguenots, who were French protestants, while the majority of the French population was catholic. -
Jean Talon's immigration policies
In order to increase the population of New France, Jean Talon created these immigration policies:
-minor criminals were able to go jail or went to live in New France.
-Soldiers were offered free land if they stayed in New France after their service was done.
-minor criminals trying to escape prison in France (Either they went to jail, or they went to live in New France.) -
Filles du Roi
Another incentive to increase immigration: les Filles du Roi
-they were orphaned girls from the streets of France. They were quickly married.
-payments were given to couples who married young
-Fathers of unmarried girls paid fines
-Bachelors over 21 paid fines all with hopes to increase the population.
The popualation went from 3,000 to 70,000 people (1663-1760). But the 13 colonies had 2 million. -
British Regime (immigration policies)
French population: 99%
English population: 1%
Everyone was now British Subjects. -
Relations with the Native People
-aboriginal population died (diseases and wars)
-Crossbreeding between different cultural groups (Métissage)
-Change of their occupation of territory (migration)
-reciprocal influences..
EUROPEANS LEARNED:
-how to survive winter (clothing, travel)
-how to eat (corn, pumpkins, maple syrup)
NATIVES LEARNED:
-shown weapons
-iron tools
-foods (salt, bread)
-suffered because of alcohol and disease -
British Immigration
From 7163-183.
-Arrival of British merchants in cities (but not enough to change the composition of the population.) -
Effects of the loyalists (2nd wave)
-36,000 loyalists came to Canada, where they settled in the Maritimes.
-6,000 loyalists came to Quebec, where they settled in the West of Montreal.
-The English population had a sudden increase (1% to 10%) -
Encouraging immigration (Immigration policies)
-granting land to shipping and railroad companies
-immigration agents coming to the aid of immigrants (1828) -
Discouraging American immigration (Immigration policies)
-laws discouraging American immigration in Upper Canada.
They didn't want people moving to the United States because the Americans had better job oppotunities and working conditions were better. Also, they didn't want to lose any people. -
Irish Immigration (3rd wave)
-They came because there was a potato famine. (The Irish Potato Famine)
-conditions during the passage were difficult and disase spread vey easily. (If one person was sick, the entire boat got sick.)
-Cholera epidemic (If you were sick when you were on the boat-which was very possible- and still sick when you got off, you were quarantined to Grosse-Ile until you got better; that's if you survived. -
permanent immigration office in London (Immigration policies)
Colonial Land and Emigration Commission and permanent immigration office in London. -
Diffferent policies to promote immigration
-sharing federal-provincial powers with regard to immigration matters under the British North American Act (BNAA)
-National Policy (1878): Immigrant recruitment to populate the Canadian ans land grants and handing over of land to rail companies to settle the west.
-waves of immigration following international events (economic crises, wars)
-Immigration was discriminatory until the end of World War II. (Since 1945: diverse immigration) -
Increase of the urban population
-rural exodus (people living in the country moved to the city to because there were better ob opportunities.)
-development of working class neighbourhoods.
-reversal of urban and rural populations (rural exodus)
-urban sprawl (spreading of urban developments in underdeveloped places near cities.) -
Colonization of new regions
To avoid people emigrating to the United States, Côte-Nord, Abitibi, Gaspésie, and the Laurentians were colonized. These were colonized because they have natural resources. -
Emigration to the United States and the West
-the agricultural sector was lacking employment ( end of 19th, beginning of 20th)
-Industriazation
-Brain drain (most educated and skilled workers leave to seek better job opportunities -1990's-.) Rich countries steal the smartest workers from poor, foreign, countries -
Composition of the population
-French Canadians remain the majority in Quebec
-20th century, pluriculturalilty (multiple cultures) increases in the big cities.
-diversification of the population since 1945 (diversification of immigration)
