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The juntas
The creation of juntas in Spanish America, juntas claimed to carry out their actions in the name of deposed king, Ferdinand VII. -
The back down
Spain readied for an invasion in case of a Prussia victory. But Napoleon’s rout of the Prussian army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstaedt caused Spain to back down. -
The ally
Napoleon was fully aware of the disastrous state of Spain’s economy and administration and its political fragility, and felt it had little value as an ally. He instead on positioning French troops in Spain to prepare for a French invasion of Portugal. -
French and Spanish armies
The peninsular war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808, in the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814 -
The Junta of Seville
The Junta of Seville, in particular, claimed authority over the overseas empire. -
The remplacement
In 1808, Napoleon turned on Spain, forcing the abdication of the Spanish king and replacing him with Napoleon’s brother Joseph. -
The Council of Castle
The Council of Castle, now in Napoleon’s control. Lost authority outside the population centers that were directly French-occupied. -
The presence
The presence of French troops on Spain soil was extremely unpopular in Spain, resulting in the Mutiny of Aranjuez and the abdication of Charles IV of Spain in March 1808. -
The refused
Napoleon refused to help Charles and refused to recognize his son, Ferdinand VII, as the new king, instead, he succeeded in to cede the crown to this brother, Joseph Bonaparte. -
The widespread
May 2, 1808, Murat ordered the younger son of Charles IV, the infante Francisco de Paula, to leave Spain for France, leading to a widespread rebellion in the streets of Madrid. -
Supre Central
The creation of a “Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies” on September 25, 1808. -
The rebellion
Hidalgo gained further support for the rebellion by choosing the Virgin of Guadalupe as a symbol for the cause. -
The execute
Hidalgo, was captured and found guilty of treason. He was executed in front of a firing squad. He was decapitated and his head was placed on a pole. -
The dissolution
The dissolution of the Supreme Junta on January 29, 1810, because of the reverses suffered after the Battle of Ocaña by the Spanish forces paid with Spanish American money set off another wave of juntas in the Americas. -
The rang
Early on September 16, 1810, Father Hidalgo, rang the town’s church bells to call the people to ass. As the people assembled, he gave famous speech. This speech started the conflict that eventually freed Mexico from Spain. -
The Spanish Constitution
The Spanish Constitution of 1812 adopted by the Cortes de Cadiz served as the basis for independence in new Spain (Mexico) and Central America, since in both regions it was a coalition of conservative and liberal royalist leaders who led the establishment of new states. -
The replace
José María Morelos y Pavón replaced Hidalgo as the leader of the revolution. Morelos was a mestizo, Morelos was a brilliant military -
The mestizo
Because Morelos was a mestizo and brought the lower classes into the revolution, the peninsulares and criollos became afraid of mob violence. Soon the criollos and peninsulares had hunted down Morelos. They placed him in front of the firing squad and executed him. -
Agustín de Iturbide
Agustin de Iturbide: One of the people ordered the hunt down Morelos was Agustin de Iturbide, he had fought against the rebels on the side of the Spanish king, Iturbide got removed from his command because he was a cruel leader. -
The meet
Iturbide met Vicente Guerrero, the new leader of the rebellion and Iturbide’s former economy, and planned a coup d’état. Together, Guerrero and Iturbide created the Plan of Iguala. -
The elections
Elections were held, local governments formed, and deputies sent to the Cortes. -
Death
Hidalgo’s dead 30th July, 1812 -
The sixth Coalition
In the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814 -
Basis of the Plan of Iguala
January 1821, basis of the Plan the Iguala: The Independence of New Spain (now called the Mexican Empire) with Ferdinand VII or another Bourbon as emperor; the retention of the Catholic Church as the official state religion and the protection of its existing privileges; and the equality of all New Spaniards, whether immigrants or native-born. -
The criollo
Father Hidalgo was a criollo, remembered as the father of the movement that pushed Mexico towards independence. -
The three guarantees
The three parts of the plan were known as union, religion, and independence. The three guarantees flag. Red represents the union of America and Europe, aka the blood of the criollos and the peninsulares. The color white represents the purity of Catholicism. Green represents the hope of independence. -
The compromise
The plan of Iguala was actually a compromise. Instead of asking for the death of the peninsulares, Iturbide actually showed them some favor. Iturbide would thus be the one to lead Mexico to Independence from Spain in 1821. -
The freedom
Iturbide had freed Mexico from Spain by staging a coup d’état in doing so, several bad precedents were set that would plague Mexico well into the twentieth century. -
The revolutionary movements
First, revolutionary movements were almost always proceded by a plan that outlines the goals of the rebellion in the hopes of gaining wider support from the people. For a century, the military was very much involved in politics, and continually pursued gaining wealth from the nation. And lastly, the precedent of coup d’état would be well established in Mexican politics. -
The large salary
Iturbide to elevate himself to the position of emperor of Mexico, he made himself Generalissimo de Tierra y mar and gave himself a large salary. -
The plan of Iguala
The plan of Iguala: The plan of Iguala would be equal treatment under the law for both peninsulares and criollos. Catholicism would be the official religion of Mexico. Mexico would be a moderate monarchy. February 24th, 1821 -
Iturbide´s reign
Iturbide’s reign would not last long as he created and inherited many problems that Mexico faced. In the end, Iturbide was not an emperor, but rather he was a caudillo. A caudillo was an appealing military leader. -
The independence movement
The independence movement had left Mexico in a bit of chaos. The silver mining was destroyed, capital were investing their money outside of Mexico rather than reinvesting it into their own country. -
Food prices
Agricultural production had decreased causing food prices to rise. -
The nepotism
Iturbide was criticized for nepotism.
He awarded noble titles to his family and even made the birthdays of some of his family members national holidays. -
The rid
He became the first Mexican leader to get rid of a legislative branch that had disagreed with him. -
Major player
A man who became a major player in Mexican politics for the next several decades, Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón. -
The Plan de Veracruz
Entered, the Plan de Veracruz, in which Mexico was turned into a republic. Iturbide would be arrested for treason and met his demise in 1824.