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Both Ontology & Epistemology
Basic Idea: Education should be geared not towards imparting knowledge per se, but rather towards helping the student develop as a thinking, rational being.
Pros:
1. It provides a clear, concise framework for thinking about the world and our place in it.
2. Students are taught to focus on themselves and to draw their own conclusions based on logic and evidence.
Cons: Its focus on capitalism and individualism which leads to a lack of empathy and concern for others. -
Conduct research and develop training material: psychologists & educators
Educators: Research based on teaching principles
Psychologists: Assess trainee skills
Results: Screening eligible trainees to help the military classify trainees to complete training most efficiently. -
Psychologists: military training to solving instructional problems
Establish Organizations: eg. American Institutes for Research
Developed Innovative analysis, design and evaluation procedures
Robert B. Miller: A detailed task analysis methodology -
Beginning: B.F. Skinner's article--The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
In small steps, overt responses to frequent questions, immediate feedback, learner self-pacing
Approach to solving educational problems: Data regarding the effectiveness of the materials were collected, instructional weaknesses were identified, and the materials were revised accordingly -
Robert Mager: Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction
How to write objectives: a description of desired learner behaviors, the conditions under which the behaviors are to be performed, and the standards by which the behaviors are to be judged
Each objective must be defined in terms which clarify the kind of behavior which the course should help to develop--Ralph Tyler -
Goal: to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors, irrespective of how well others perform.
Robert Glaser was the first to use the term criterion-referenced measures.
Central Features:
1. to assess student entry-level behavior
2. to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach -
Five Domains: verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies
Gagné indicated that skills within the intellectual skills domain have a hierarchical relationship to each other, so that in order to readily learn to perform a superordinate skill, one would first have to master the skills subordinate to it. -
After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the United States poured money into improving American science education.
Michael Scriven: try out drafts of instructional materials with learners prior to the time the materials were in their final form. -
In the 1970s, the number of instructional design models soared to more than 40.
Created instructional improvement centers: helping faculty use media and instructional design procedures to improve quality of their instruction.
Business and Industry: seeing the value of using instructional design to improve the quality of training, began adopting the approach. -
Instructional design has had little impact on public schools and higher education.
People became interested in apply cognitive psychology in the instructional design process.
Microcomputers are used for teaching purposes and new models are developed to accommodate the need for interactive capabilities.
Performance technology movement: front-end analysis, on-the-job performance, business results, and noninstructional solutions to performance problems -
broadened the scope of the instructional design field
Result: instructional designers began conducting more careful analyses of the causes of performance problems; the types of activities many instructional designers engaged in greatly expanded -
Constructivism: a collection of similar views (labeled, by some, as a theory) of learning and instruction
Instructional Principle:
(a) solve complex and realistic problems;
(b) work together to solve those problems;
(c) examine the problems from multiple perspectives;
(d) take ownership of the learning process (rather than being passive recipients of instruction);
(e) become aware of their own role in the knowledge construction process -
Electronic performance support systems are computer-based systems designed to provide workers with the help they need to per- form certain job tasks, at the time they need that help, and in a form that will be most helpful.
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The rapid prototyping process involves the rapid development of a prototype product in the earliest stages of an instructional design project, followed by a rapid trial and revision cycle to an acceptable version of the product.
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It can not be simulated according to traditional teaching experience, but should be specially designed according to teaching characteristics.
The Internet has created new job opportunities for teachers and will create more in the future. -
Knowledge management involves identifying, documenting, and disseminating explicit and tacit knowledge within an organization in order to improve the performance of that organization.
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International Society of Learning Sciences is a professional society dedicated to the interdisciplinary empirical investigation of learning as it exists in real-world settings and to how learning may be facilitated both with and without technology. -
Educational instruction is no longer limited to a classroom setting but has expanded to the cyberworld with online classes. Online classes allow education to be more accessible to students as they offer more flexibility, convenience, and opportunity than a traditional classroom setting.
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International Association for K-12 Online Learning is a nonprofit organization with the mission to catalyze the transformation of K-12 education policy and practice to advance powerful, personalized, learner-centered experiences through competency-based, blended and online learning. -
Microlearning refers to short-term learning activities that focus on small learning units. Mobile apps and other web technologies can be used to help fill the gaps that exist in individuals formal learning by providing educational information through cloud and app based education. A benefit of this technology is its ever-changing nature content is consistently updated providing learners with fresh information at their fingertips. This is a trend that will continue to grow.