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Argentina fights for Independence
Napolean overthrew Spanish Bourbons and weakened Spanish authority in the New World. -
Louis XVIII accepts the Napoleonic Code
The Napoleonic Code guaranteed equality under the law established a bicameral legislature. This pleased neither side: liberals said he hadn’t gone far enough and ultraroyalists criticized any compromise. -
Ferdinand VII, a Bourbon, put on Spanish Throne
Ferdinand battled the Cortes (legislature) and even tore up the constitution. Army officers and middle-class merchants eventually overthrew him -
Britain was governed by landowners
Voting was restricted by the landed gentry, newly expanding cities were wildly underrepresented -
Corn Law
Tories passed the Corn Law, therefore placing high tariffs on foreign grain, this benefitted the landowners but devastated the poor with rising prices. -
Frederic William III becomes more reactionary
In reaction, university professors and students formed the Burschenschaften for a free, united Germany -
Liberation of Chile
Led by José de San Martin against the Spanish. -
Burschenschaften celebrates Luther
They honored the 300th anniversary of Luther’s 95 Theses by burning conservative books -
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle
Quadruple Alliance agreed to lift the occupation of France and became the Quintuple Alliance -
Liberation of Colombia
Led by Simón Bolivar against the Spanish -
Peterloo Massacre
Troops attacked 60,000 people protesting against the Corn Law, killing 11. Parliament reacted by clamping down on demonstrations and the distribution of pamphlets. -
Metternich drew up the Karlsbd Decrees
Closed the Burschenschaften, censored the press, kept an eye on universities -
Congress of Troppau
The Quintuple Alliance met to deal with revolutions in Spain and Italy. The Principle of Intervention is discussed, but no action is taken. -
Congress Laibach
Great Britain refused to approve intervention. Austria, Russia, and Prussia authorized Austria to invade Naples. -
Liberation of Venezuela
Led by Simón Bolivar against the Spanish -
Liberation of Peru
Led by José de San Martin against the Spanish. -
Greeks Revolt
Greeks revolted against the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire -
Congress of Vienna
Austria, Russia, and Prussia authorized France to invade Spain. -
France invades Spain
The French successfully restore Ferdinand to the throne -
Charles X takes the throne
He indemnified the nobles whose lands were lost in the Revolution and encouraged the Catholic Church to return to its role in controlling French education -
Mexican, Central American, Brazilian Independence
All achieved by this date. Britain kept others from intervening, proposed jointly protecting Latin America along with U.S. President Monroe rejected Britain, proposed the Monroe Doctrine, guaranteed their freedom, and protected against European intervention. Britain merchants moved in and dominated Latin America’s economy -
Alexander I of Russia dies
Previously Enlightened, but turned reactionary. He caused the formation of secret societies. His older brother, Nicholas takes the throne. This causes a rebellion and Russia becomes even more reactionary as a result. -
Ottoman Armada is defeated
A combined British-French fleet defeated the Ottoman armada -
Charles X accepts that his ministers must be responsible to the legislature
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Russia invades Ottoman Empire
Russia invaded Ottoman-controlled Moldavia and Wallachia -
Treaty of Adrianople
Allowed Russia, France, and Britain to decide Greece’s fate -
Charles X violates the previous agreement
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Greece was granted independence
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Whigs gain power
By 1830, Whigs had begun to receive support from the industrial middle class while Tories remained highly conservative -
Charles X dissolves the legislature
