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Jan 1, 1378
Great Schism started 1378-1417
A dispute in the Catholic Church regarding succession which divided the Church. In 1378 the papal court was based in Rome and an Italian was elected pope ( Pope Urban VI). The cardinals in the French group refused to accept him, declared his election void, and named Clement VII as pope. Clement withdrew to Avignon, while Urban remained in Rome. -
Jan 1, 1384
John Wycliffe Challenges Catholic Church(1328-1384)
Questioned the wordly wealth of the Catholic Church, the miracle of transubstantiation, the teaching of penance and the selling of indulgences. -
Jan 1, 1390
John Hus challenges Catholic Church (1369-1415)
Bohemian Hus was the rector of the University of Prague and he argued that it was the authority of the bible that mattered, not the institutional church. -
Jan 1, 1415
Council of Constance
Pope Martin V declared Hus a heretic and had Hus was burned at stake, even though promised safe passage. -
Jan 1, 1452
Gutenberg prints the Bible
Before Gutenberg, every book produced in Europe had to be copied by hand. -
Jan 1, 1478
Start of Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834)
By 1492 Jews were killed or expelled from Spain. -
Jan 1, 1516
Concordat of Bologna
Agreement between Pope Leo X and King Francis I where the King gained power to appoint Bishops in France. This helped to keep France Catholic -
Oct 30, 1517
Martin Luther posts 95 Theses
Luther posts 95 theses on door at church in Wittenberg. Argues faith alone leads to salvation, not good works. Acknowleges 2 holy sacraments versus 7. -
Jan 1, 1519
Zwingli leads Reformation in Switzerland
Petitioned for the right of clergy to marry in all Protestant lands. -
Jan 1, 1520
Luther publishes 3 of his most important works
1) "Address to the Christian Nobility" --argued secular govt had a right to reform the Church
2) "On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church"--attacked the teachings of the Church, such as sacraments
3) "Liberty of a Christian Man" --said that grace is the sole gift, therefore, one is saved by faith alone. -
May 25, 1521
Diet of Worms
A meeting of German nobility where Charles V bans Martin Luther because of his religious beliefs. -
Jan 1, 1529
Diet of Speyer
Charles V tried to reduce tension. He declared
Edit of Worms to be implemented as each Prince saw fit.
Church lands seized by reforming Princes were to remain in hand of the Princes and need not be returned to the Church -
Jun 25, 1530
Augsburg Confession
Statement of beliefs and doctrines of the Lutherans, -
Jan 1, 1534
Anabaptists take over City of Munster
Anabaptists were a sect that believed baptism only worked when done by audults who are fully aware of what they are doing. Eventually, re-baptism declared a capital offense. -
Nov 1, 1534
Act of Supremacy Passed in England
King Henry VIII severs Church of England from Rome . Creates Anglican Church so that he can divorce his wife and remarry. Uses Parliament to give him ultimate religious power. -
Jan 1, 1536
John Calvin published "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
Believes salvation comes only through predestination, but living a totally good life is a sign of being chosen to be saved -
May 21, 1540
Society of Jesus formed (Jesuits)
Ignatius of Loyola founds. Jesuits promote Catholicism. -
May 21, 1545
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Reforms Bishop and Priest Conduct. Reaffirms Catholic Doctrine, Papal authority and 7 sacraments, Communion, power of indulgences (not sale), power of good works and clergy celibacy. -
May 22, 1546
The Schmalkaldic War
Fought between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catholic)and the Schmalkaldic League(protestant). -
Jan 1, 1553
"Bloody Mary'" begins her reign
Tries to revert England to Catholocism -
May 21, 1555
Pope Paul IV orders Jews to live in Ghetto
Jews were forced to live in a walled city and locked in at night. -
Aug 30, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
German Princes can now decide on the religion of their own state. Holy Roman Empire now divided between Catholics, Calvinists and Lutherans. Anabaptists not recognized -
Nov 17, 1558
Elizabeth I stars her rule
Enforces Protestantism through Acts of Uniformity but tolerates Catholicism -
May 21, 1559
Pope Paul IV establishes INDEX
Part of the Counter Reformation. It included a list of banned books. -
Aug 24, 1572
St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
The most violent in a series of confrontations between French Catholics and Protestants. -
Defeat of Spanish Armada
King Phillip used Spanish Armada to try to invade England and Force back to Catholic Church -
Edict of Nantes
Bourbon King Henry IV declares a religious truce; official religion is Catholocism but Protestants are granted freedom.Huguenots allowed to practice faith. -
Protestant Union Formed
Alliance of German Protestant leaders for purpose of defending the lands, and rights of each i member. -
Truce in Netherlands declared
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Catholic League Formed
Created as a response to the Protestant Union -
Start of 30 Year War
The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648, involved most of the major religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics. -
Edict of Restitution
Attempt to restore the religious and territorial settlement after the Peace of Augsburg (1555). The "Ecclesiastical Reservation" forbade the s convertion of Cathlic land to some form of Protestant land after 1555. -
Peace of Westphalia
These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) -
Britain passes Test Acts
A religious test for public office. Intended to keep Catholics out. -
Louis XIV of France revolked Edict of Nantes
Wanted to get rid of Calvinism in France -
Toleration Acts in England
Act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to nonconformists -
Act of Settlement
Prevented the English Catholic line from occupying the throne. -
Peter the Great abolished the patriarchate i
Peter the Great abolished dhe patriarchate in Orthodox churches. Also, established governmental organization called the Holy Synod which was staffed by secular officials, to administer and control the church. -
Concordat of 1801
Agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France. -
Janissaries massacred Christians in Serbia
Suspecting that the sultan wanted to curb their political power, the Janissaries revolted and massacred Christians in Serbia. -
France named protector of the Holy Sepulcre
Set in motion Crimean War. -
Doctrine of Papal Infallability
On matters of faith, Pope Pius stated that he could not make a mistake. -
Anti-Semitism-Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus case was the first case of modern anti-Semitism. A Jewish officer in the French Army, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, was wrongfully accused of spying on behalf of Germany. He was convicted and sent to prison. The real spy was eventually found. -
Zionist Movement starts
Theodor Herzl publishes "The Jewish State" -
Pogroms- intensify in Russia
Violent attacks against Jews. -
Armenian Genocide
Ottoman government killed its civilian Armenian population -
Balfour Declaration
Balfour declared his support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the area known as Palestine. -
Soviet Union Nationalizes church property
Lenin was suspicious of the church and atheism became mandatory for members of the ruling Russian Communist Party. -
Turkey becomes secular
This was part of Ataturk’ s reforms -
Compulsory Aryanization of all Jewish businesses.
One more step for Hitler in stipping Jews of rights -
Kristallnacht-The Night of Broken Glass
A massive, coordinated attack on Jews . -
Wannsee Conference
SS coordinated the Final Solution in which the Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons. -
VE Day-End of WWII in Europe
Unconditional German surrender -
The State of Israel declared independence
War immediately broke out with Arab neighbors.
