The Church

1st Event from 0 A.D. to 999 A.D.

73

Jews expelled from Jerusalem concentrate in two communities, the western one at Yavneh/Jamnia/Jabne ("Alexandrian" Jews) under the Sanhedrin (supreme court) of rabbi Yohanan/Jochanan ben Zaccai, and the "Babylonian" community, a tributary of the Parthians.

2nd Event from 0 A.D. to 999 A.D.

144

Marcion found a heretic sect that believes the God of the Old Testament and the God of the New Testament are different Gods, and Jesus is not the son of the former.

1st Person from 0 A.D. to 999 A.D.

Period: 390 to 459

Saint Simeon Stylites

2nd Person from 0 A.D. to 999 A.D.

Period: 402 to 450

Emperor Theodosius II

3rd Event from 0 A.D. to 999 A.D.

428

Nestorius, a monk in the Syrian monastery of Euprepius, is appointed by the eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II as patriarch of Constantinople and preaches the doctrine of two natures of Jesus, human and divine.

3rd Person from 0 A.D. to 999 A.D.

Period: 590 to 604

Pope Gregory I

1st Person from 1000 A.D. to 1099 A.D.

Period: 1000 to 1073

Saint Dominic of Silos

2nd Person from 1000 A.D. to 1099 A.D.

Period: 1046 to 1056

German Emperor Heinrich III

3rd Person from 1000 A.D. to 1099 A.D.

Period: 1049 to 1054

Pope Leo IX

1st Event from 1000 A.D. to 1099 A.D.

1059

Humbert Della Silva Candida publishes the rules by which popes should be elected, restricting the electors to the cardinals and forbidding interference from the Roman nobility of the Holy Roman emperor, and resumes the Donatist heresy (the morality of a priest determines whether he is worthy of administering sacraments).

2nd Event from 1000 A.D. to 1099 A.D.

1073

Hildebrand becomes Pope Gregory VII and launches the "Gregorian" reform (celibacy of the clergy, the primacy of the papacy over the empire, infallibility of the Church, right of the pope to depose emperors).

3rd Event from 1000 A.D. to 1099 A.D.

1095

Pope Urban II, responding to an appeal from the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos, calls for a Crusade against the Muslims, but no European king joins (both emperor Heinrich IV and king Philippe I of France are still excommunicated).

1st Person from 1100 A.D. to 1199 A.D.

Period: 1100 to 1118

Pope Pasquale II

1st Event from 1100 A.D. to 1199 A.D.

1111

Paschal II resolves the conflict between Church and Empire by renouncing all of the Church's earthly possessions and by embracing apostolic poverty.

2nd Event from 1100 A.D. to 1199 A.D.

1118

Hugh de Payens found the order of Knights Templar (warrior monks) at the Temple Mount in Jerusalem who adopt the Cistercian rule, establish their headquarters at Acre, and protect pilgrim routes to Jerusalem.

2nd Person from 1100 A.D. to 1199 A.D.

Period: 1118 to 1160

Saint Rainerius of Pisa

3rd Event from 1100 A.D. to 1199 A.D.

1122

Pope Calixtus II and German emperor Heinrich V sign the Concordat of Worms that resolves the "investiture controversy" by granting the emperor veto power over the German Church.

3rd Person from 1100 A.D. to 1199 A.D.

Period: 1189 to 1199

King Richard I

1st Person from 1200 A.D. to 1299 A.D.

Period: 1201 to 1251

Saint Gerold of Cologne

2nd Person from 1200 A.D. to 1299 A.D.

Period: 1220 to 1250

Emperor Frederick

3rd Person from 1200 A.D. to 1299 A.D.

Period: 1227 to 1241

Pope Gregory IX

1st Event from 1200 A.D. to 1299 A.D.

1250

Eusebius of Esztergom founds the Order of St. Paul the First Hermit ("Pauline monks") by uniting all the hermits who lived in the forests of Hungary and Croatia.

2nd Event from 1200 A.D. to 1299 A.D.

1252

Innocent IV decrees that heretics are thieves and murderers of souls, and therefore approves torture against heretics.

3rd Event from 1200 A.D. to 1299 A.D.

1291

Defeated by the Muslims at Acre, Hospitallers and Templars move their headquarters from Acre to Cyprus and Teutonic Knights move their headquarters from Acre to Venice.

1st Person from 1300 A.D. to 1399 A.D.

Period: 1309 to 1347

Flora of Beaulieu

2nd Person from 1300 A.D. to 1399 A.D.

Period: 1314 to 1347

Emperor Louis IV

1st Event from 1300 A.D. to 1399 A.D.

1324

Franciscan monk Marsilio da Padova publishes "Defender Of Peace", in which he argues that the Church has no authority over secular affairs and that the purpose of a state is to guarantee peace.

2nd Event from 1300 A.D. to 1399 A.D.

1370

Pope Urban VI's fight against corruption causes the cardinals to move back to Avignon and elect another pope, Robert de Geneve as Clement VII ("Western Schism"), who is recognized by France's allies (Spain and Scotland) but not by France's enemies (England, Portugal, Flanders, Germany, Poland, Hungary).

3rd Event from 1300 A.D. to 1399 A.D.

1378

The Oxford theologian John Wycliffe preaches that the Church has fallen into sin, that it ought to give up all its property, and that the clergy should live in complete poverty.

3rd Person from 1300 A.D. to 1399 A.D.

Period: 1378 to 1389

Pope Urban VI

1st Event from 1400 A.D. to 1499 A.D.

1415

The heretic Jan Hus is burned at the stake at Constance for opposing the sale of indulgences and claiming that the Church is a human invention.

1st Person from 1400 A.D. to 1499 A.D.

Period: 1422 to 1461

King Henry VI

2nd Person from 1400 A.D. to 1499 A.D.

Period: 1431 to 1447

Pope Eugenius IV

2nd Event from 1400 A.D. to 1499 A.D.

1494

Alexander VI forms a "holy league" with Milano, Venezia, German emperor Maximilian, and Fernando II of Aragonia to repel the invasion of Charles VIII of France.

3rd Person from 1400 A.D. to 1499 A.D.

Period: 1494 to 1498

Girolamo Savonarola

3rd Event from 1400 A.D. to 1499 A.D.

1497

The fanatical Dominican monk Savonarola sends his followers' door to door in Firenze to burn all non-religious art, books and musical instruments (the "Bonfire of the Vanities"), then he is excommunicated and hanged and burnt as a heretic.

1st Person from 1500 A.D. to 1599 A.D.

Period: 1507 to 1546

Martin Luther

2nd Person from 1500 A.D. to 1599 A.D.

Period: 1509 to 1547

King Henry VIII

1st Event from 1500 A.D. to 1599 A.D.

1517

The Protestant Reformation begins at Wittenberg when Martin Luther publishes his "95 Theses" against the Catholic practice of selling indulgences.

2nd Event from 1500 A.D. to 1599 A.D.

1540

Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which beliefs in free will and in salvation through good deeds (not just faith).

3rd Person from 1500 A.D. to 1599 A.D.

Period: 1555 to 1559

Pope Paul IV

3rd Event from 1500 A.D. to 1599 A.D.

1559

Pope Paul IV (a former Grand Inquisitor and practitioner of torture) issues a list of forbidden books, the "Index Expurgatorius".

1st Event from 1600 A.D. to 1699 A.D.

1600

The philosopher Giordano Bruno is executed as a heretic in Rome for claiming that the universe is infinite.

1st Person from 1600 A.D. to 1699 A.D.

Period: 1608 to 1642

René Goupil

2nd Person from 1600 A.D. to 1699 A.D.

Period: 1644 to 1655

Pope Innocent X

2nd Event from 1600 A.D. to 1699 A.D.

1648

200,000 Jews are slaughtered during the Russian invasion of Poland by Cossacks led by Bogdan Chmielnicki.

3rd Person from 1600 A.D. to 1699 A.D.

Period: 1660 to 1685

King Charles II

3rd Event from 1600 A.D. to 1699 A.D.

1665

The Greek Jewish kabbalist Shabbatai Zvi is hailed as the messiah but then accepts to convert to Islam to save his life.