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John Dewey
Experiential Learning
John Dewey believed that there has to be a need for a skill or knowledge to motivate learning. That learning is a cycle of experiencing, reflecting, thinking & acting. This will be experience in a unique way for each person. -
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Lev Vygotsky
Social Development Theory
Lev Vygotsky believed that social interaction plays a role in the process of cognitive development.
three major themes are:
1. Social interaction (groups, peers, family)
2. Learning from one with higher abilities than oneself (parent)
3. Zone of Proximal development. Meaning "the distance between the ability to perform independently or with assistance." -
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Jean Piaget
Origins of thinking
Jean Piaget believed that learning is life long but that there are four stages of Cognitive Development, namely:
Sensori-motor stage age(0-2 years)
Pre operational stage age(2-7years)
Concrete operational stage age(7-11years)
Formal operational stage age(12 and on)
A child will develop mentally and emotionally as they age. -
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Jerome Bruner
Constructivism
Jerome Bruner believes that any subject can be tought at any stage of development regardless of age.
Learning has an enactive, Iconic & symbolic(language) representation -
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Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura believes in observational learning, modeling, imitation and continuous interaction between behavior, personal factors & environment. -
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Jean Lave
Situated Learning
Jean Lave believes to learn there must be a domain (a common interest like cooking)
a community (the cooking class with 5 people)
Practice (there must be interaction like baking a cake)
Learning will be an outcome whether intentional or not, from this situation. -
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John Seely Brown
Cognitive Apprenticeship
John Seely Brown belies that the emphasis is on the importance of process in which the skilled person transfers the skill to the apprentice. By allowing the apprentice to observe, enact, practice while being evaluated and given feedback.
This promotes group involvement & teamwork in solving problems, completing tasks or creating a product. The student is working interdependently. -
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Roger Schank
Schema Theory
This is based on the theory that knowledge is organised in units. That there is a relationship between old knowledge and new information. knowledge is a database that is constantly being added to and associated with objects, situations & events.
Roger Schank believes that when the student is ready the teacher will appear. -
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K.anders Ericsson
Expert Performance theory
K.anders Ericsson believes that practice makes perfect. Repetition. Repetition. Repetition. But quality is just as important as quantity.
This is a life long period of deliberate effort to improve performance in a domain. It must however be combined with reflection, visualisation and evaluation(feedback) -
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Ellen Langer
Mindful Learning
Ellen Langer believes that learning comes from cultivating a mindset of uncertainty. (Be in the moment, engaged and present)
Ask the right questions
Use critical thinking & be creative.
Create new categories from existing information & being open to new information is mindful.
Remember there is always more that one perspective to all information viewed.
If information is taken out of context it may not have the same meaning.
Look to see and not just to look. -
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Daniel Goleman
Emotional Intelligence
Daniel Goleman believes that EQ is an ability and not a trait. Therefore can be worked on and developed to achieve better performance.
Self-awareness, Self-regulation, social skills, motivation & empathy can be learnt.