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British + German Treaty establishing spheres of influence in East Africa
Germany given control of Tanganyika + British took Kenya + Sudan
Zanzibar ceded to British influence + Germany given control of mainland Tanzania
Britain declared Zanzibar a protectorate of the British Empire and installed 'puppet ruler' Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini -
British East Africa became formal protectorate
Imperial British East Africa Company rule replaced by the Crown when British East Africa (included Kenya, Uganda, Rhodesia, Zanzibar, Sudan and Somaliland)
Kenya -- useful link from Uganda to the Coast -
4th Anglo-Asante War
Britain conquered Asante territories and forced King Prempeh from his throne -
Conflict in Zanzibar
Suspicious death of Sultan Hamad at his palace in 1896 -- accession of his cousin, Khalid (without British permission) - Britain order Khalid to stand down + when he refused Britain mounted naval bombardment of Sultan's palace (38 mins + 500 Zanzibari defenders killed) -- Khalid overthrown + pro-British Sultan Hamud placed on thrown of Zanzibar + ruled under British protection for 6 years -
Uganda Railway
Uganda became formal protectorate in 1884 after powers transferred from Imperial British East Africa Co. to the crown
Construction began in 1886+connected (Mombasa) coast to fertile lands bordering Lake Victoria -- consolidation of British formal takeover of the E.Africa Protectorate and Uganda+linked them with the Indian Ocean
Supported by Colonial Secretary Chamberlin + conservative gov -- 660 miles of track took 5 years and £5 mill to build + killed 2500 labourers (disease, accidents etc) -
Salisbury (PM) launches campaign in Sudan led by Kitchener
General Sir Herbert Kitchener (appointed Commander-in-Chief of Egyptian Army in 1896) given orders to penetrate Sudanese territory as far as Dongola
Campaign seen in Britain as a way to avenge General Gordon's death + to bring order to the area that lacked order to internal resistance and famine after the conflict in Khartoum and the resulting change in leadership -
Battle of Omdurman
Kitchener determined to push further into Sudan and take Khartoum
Army won a decisive victory with the use of modern weaponry (e.g Maxim guns -- invented by Hiram Maxim in 1884 - one of the earliest machine guns)
Kitchener given sealed orders by Salisbury (PM) to be opened after the defeat of the Sudanese that ordered him to go to Fashoda (where French expedition led by Major Marchand had landed and were laying claim to the area) -
Administrative and military personal in Somaliland
Reinforcement of Somaliland protectorate (est. 1888) with military + administrative personal sent in 1898 in attempt to limit French and Italian ambitions in that area
Location important -- commanded Britain's crucial access to the Indian Ocean and colonies in the East -
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan established
1899 agreement between Britain and Egypt's 'veiled protectorate' -- condominium (Sudan to be run by the British with Egyptian support)
Lord Kitchener appointed 1st Governor-General/Khedive of Egypt -
'Fashoda incident'
British press reacted strongly to the 'Fashoda incident' suggesting Britain and France on the brink of war after both nations accused the other of trespassing in the Fashoda area (on the headwaters of the Nile)
Agreement reached in 1899 -- French promised to stay out of the Nile Valley in return for territory further west (French gov aware of internal problems and the presence of the British Army in Sudan chose to back down) -
Incorporation of Ashantiland into the Gold Coast Colony
After a further uprising from the Ashanti people into 1900 the British formally annexed the kingdom and incorporated it into the Gold Coast Colony
(Ashanti had previously resisted direct colonisation for 80 years) -
Unification of Nigeria
British government took over the responsibilities of the Royal Niger Company + established direct control of North Nigeria (1900) and South Nigeria (1906) --- Nigeria unified in 1914