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Sandhurst Manifesto
António Cánovas del Castillo, who was the leader of the future Conservative Party, wrote a manifesto on 1 December 1874, which was signed in Sandhurst. In it he promised a constitutional government. -
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Reign of Alfonso XII
The monarchy was restored in 1875 under the regency of Alfonso XII of Bourbon (1875-1885). -
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The Regency of Maria Christina
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the regency was passed on to his wife Maria Christina, who ruled while her son Alfonso XIII was still a child. -
The Bases de Manresa
In 1892 Prat de la Riba wrote the Bases de Manresa. In it Catalan nacionalists demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts and Catalan autonomy. -
PSOE is founded
The Spanish Socialist Worker's Party was founded in 1897 by Pablo Iglesias and was supported by the working class who were creating labour movements during this period. -
The Treaty of Paris
In 1898 Spain was at war with the US, who supported the rebels of the remaining Spanish colonies after the sinking of the US Navy battleship Maine in the Havana Harbour in April of that year. In the conflict, Spanish ships were destroyed and Spain was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris where it recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
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The Reign of Alfonso XIII
In 1902 Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political system, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas and Sagasta. -
Tragic Week of 1909
Spain went to war with the inhabitants of the Rif. This required reservists to be called up in 1909, the majority of whom were fathers. This led to violent protests being set off in Barcelona, which became known as the Tragic Week of 1909. -
Disaster at Annual
In 1921 Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco which was known as the Disaster at Annual, which resulted in 10,000 deaths and widespread public commotion, which influenced the public opinion negatively. -
Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
After the forced resignation of Primo de Rivera in 1930, Alfonso XIII tried to go back to a parliamentary system, however, citicen's disapproved of the the king's support of the dictatorship. This led to significant Republican victories in the 1931 municipal elections for several major cities. In 14 April 1931 the king whent into exile and the Second Spanish Reoublic was declared. -
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Second Spanish Republic
After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, a temporary government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nacionalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931.
The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted the Constitution of 1931. In it they established a wide range of rights, popular sovereignty, separation of powers, universal male and female suffrage, regional autonomy through a statute of autonomy and the separation of church and state. -
The October Revolution
The new government formed by the centrist Radical Republican Party who had the support of CEDA halted the majority of the previous reforms which led to strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA demanded positions in the government. This led to the October Revolution of 1934, which was more intense in Asturias and in Barcelona. -
The Tragic Spring of 1936
During the spring of 1936 a wave of attacks and street violence between the falangists, communist and anarchist activists took place caused by the political violence which reached its peak. This was known as the Tragic Spring of 1936. -
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The Spanish Civil War
On 17 July 1937, a coup d'état began in Ceutan and in Melilla. It spread throughout Spain only succeeding in rural areas. The country was divided into the Republican zone and the 'Nationalist' zone. This coup turned into a long and harsh Civil War. -
The bombing of Gernika
The conflict moved to the Cantabrian coast and involved harsh battles, as seen on the bombing of Gernika by the German air foce's Condor Legion on the 26 April 1937 -
The end of the Civil War
The war moved to the Mediterranean where the Republicans launched an offensive known as the 'Battle of the Ebro' in 1938. It resulted in many caualties on both sides. The insurgents took Catalonia in 1939 and entered Madrid with no resistance. The Civil War ended on 1 April 1939.
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