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Galen of Pergamon describes the human body http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/General-Information-and-Biographies/Galen.html
Throughout travel, when he was in Alexandria he was able to study the human skeleton but not the actual body until he reached Pergamum. He is most notable in his work with animals and the human body. He discovered a lot about the organs in the human body and what they are and what they do. He also associated himself with plants. Lived 129 A.D. – c. 216 A.D. -
Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html
Lamarck's beliefs are very similar to Darwin's and could have been used by Darwin in his book "On the Origins of Species". Lamarck's hypothesis or theory of evolution was known as the theory of inheritance. This theory argues that when a organism wants or needs to change itself to meet the requirements of the environment it remains in; the characteristics that change are past to its offspring . Lamarck uses the change in elephants trunks and human appendix as evidence because they have changed. -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/
Charles Darwin was invited on the five year voyage of the HMS Beagle, this voyage was supposed to lead them around the world but the mainly ravels around South America and other surrounding islands. Here he discovered different species and the different variations that they had. This was the most crucial event of Darwin's life because it led to the making of his most famous book on evolutionary biology called "The Origins of Species. -
Alfred Russel Wallace discoveries http://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct
Alfred Russel Wallace was a British naturalist and focused on the same subjects as Charles Darwin but was not as noticed as Darwin. Wallace has come in contacted with thousands of animals and insects. But couldn't quite figure out how and why they were different until one night when he was ill he finally thought that animals evolved so that they can adapt to the environment they are a part of. -
On the Origins of Species http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published
This is perhaps one of the most prominent books that is on the basis of evolutionary biology. Written by Charles Darwin, the book discusses evolution and the story of our species today. Darwin is famous for the Darwin theory that establishes that animals can adapt to their surrounding which can ultimately help them survive. These genetic variations can be passed on from generation to generation and it also supports the idea of natural selection. -
The Germ Theory of Disease http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/germtheory
The Germ Theory states that micro-organisms in the body are was causes different diseases. This idea came from the discovery that Antoni van Leeuwenhoek saw in water. He found tiny organisms in the water when looking through a microscope. Later the discovery of tiny organisms was found in people who had diseases. -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generation/
Louis Pasteu is the main scientist of this experiment. This experiment was to test whether something that is sterile, more specifically nutrient broth, can develop microbial life. It consisted of two experiments, both had boiled/sterile broth in flasks with swan necks. In experiment one, the neck was broken therefore exposing it to the air. The product of the experiment showed that life cannot develop spontaneously, as life did not develop in the unbroken flask but did in the broken flask. -
Gregor Mendel/ Inheritance of traits in pea plants
Mendel, otherwise known as the father of genetics, was able to understand the basics of inheritance through his experiments with pea plants. He was able to discover that parental genes are randomly separated into gametes which only contain one of the pair of genes the off spring will get. He also discovered that the phenotype of the offspring shows the dominant trait rather then the recessive. -
Hardy-Weinberg equation https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/hardy-weinberg-equation-299
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is a mathematical equation that is used to determine how alleles are expressed and distributed in a population. Ultimately, it is a equation that finds genetic variation. -
T. Hunt Morgan/ Sex-linkage http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php
Morgan focused on Sex-linkage. Sex-linkage is essentially the phenotype that shows, the allele that shows is associated with the gender of parent and offspring. When Morgan practiced his experiment on fruit flies he found that there were sex-linked traits that could be passed on depending on the gender of the offspring. -
Bohr Atomic Model http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/bohr_atom.html
Neils Bohr introduced his Atomic to the world in 1913. He used this model to try to prove and explain that just like our solar system, electrons orbit around the nucleus of the atom. -
Frederick Griffith/ process of transformation https://education.llnl.gov/bep/science/10/tLect.html
Frederick Griffith worked on the the process of transformation. He first used injected substance S and R into a mice which infects it. In the end, he found out that genetic material was transformed in the mice. -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons http://www.pnas.org/content/109/50/20198.full
Barbara McClintock is a known for her dicover of "jumping genes". Transposons contain an abnormal amount of DNA and contribute to more then 65% of human genomes. Ultimately, transposons are DNA sequences that are constantly moving on the genome. -
Genetics and the Origin of Species http://www.pnas.org/content/94/15/7691.full
"Genetics and the Origin of Species" is a book written by Theodosius Dobzhansky. Dobzhansky focused on similar duties to Charles Darwin as you can tell by the tittle of his book. His book focuses on a combination of natural selection and Mendelian genetics. -
Beadle and Tatum/ 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/george-w-beadles-one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis
Beadle and Tatum hypothesized that with each gene came an enzyme. Their experiment with fruit fly's further proved their point. This overall means that Genes control the metabolism pathway. -
Ernst Mayr/ Biological Species Concept https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Biological_species_concept.asp
Ernst Mayr was a evolutionary biologist among other things. He wrote a book which added onto Charles Darwin and Theodosius Dobzhansky. The difference in his beliefs where that variation due to geological differences was not logical to associate with evolution but claims that geographical location still in a important aspect in the different variations of animals. His concept however focuses on the idea that species are grouped together by the idea of interbreeding. -
SCUBA http://www.cousteau.org/
Jacques Cousteau obtained lots of duties with included having a part in the navy, being explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, and much more. But the most prominent would be that he innovation in the marine life. He was know has the Farther of Scuba Diving because he created the Aqua-Lung which was the first system that could supplies divers with compressed air under water. -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty/ DNA carries genetic code https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-the-function-of-dna-resulted-6494318
They performed groundbreaking experiments that help proven that DNA contain genetic code. They main experiment that gave it way was Avery's. At the time, many scientists knew that there were bacteria cells that had capsules and others did not. Avery conducted experiments where DNA was put into the non-encapsulated bacteria cells and found that DNA changes the Bacteria cell and promoted the development of a capsule. -
Hershey-Chase experiments http://www.biology-pages.info/H/Hershey_Chase.html
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted a series of experiments which helped conclude that DNA contained genetic material.This was called the Hershey-Chase experiment, also known as the Blender experiment. They found that when 32P was present in bacteriophages, and when they were allowed to infected the bacteria cell, the cell became infected. It was also past on to the next generations of cells. Therefore, proving that DNA contains genetic material because they had affected the cell so much. -
Watson and Crick/ Double helix model of DNA structure
Watson and Crick weren't the discoverers of DNA, but with the foundation of other scientists they were able to discover the 3-Dimensional double helix that DNA makes up. They tried making the structure of DNA with cardboard cutouts and eventually became successful with they decided to start with two bases. Because they started this way they realized it was perfect because the the complimentary bases fit perfectly along with the hydrogen bonds. -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography
Rosalind Franklin presented the most prominent pieces of evidence which is known as "Image 51". It is a X-ray image of DNA. She was the first to really prove that DNA was a double helix because Watson had a glimpse of her x-ray. -
Miller-Urey Experiment http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/miller_urey_experiment.html
The Miller-Urey Experiment is an experiment that was used in order to test what kinds of conditions have to be present on earth in order to maintain life, this was known as the the classic experiment of the the origins of life. The use of water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen (H2), were present in this experiment because they were thought of as being the main elements of the earths atmosphere. These were all used to replicate the earth in a array of glass tubes and chambers. -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.full
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication helped proved their predecessors claims of the double helix. They comfirmed the toughts about the double helix and explain how it was correct trough DNA replication. They supported the idea of a parent strand. Overall, they were scientists who showed that DNA follows the semi-conservative model. -
Marshall Nirenberg http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php
Marshall Nirenberg is known for finding the "triplet", three bases in DNA. Because of this, five years later the entire genetic code was made and discovered. Him and his partner found that in RNA there was Uracil which should that it can protein synthesis. Overall, him and his colleagues discovered that the genetic code was essential to all life on earth. -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis https://endosymbiotichypothesis.wordpress.com/history-the-formation-of-the-endosymbiotic-hypothesis/
Lynn Margulis questioned the idea that all species are adaptations of old spices. He had that idea that new lineages could be formed through symbiosis. she was the first to prove the endosymbiont nature of mitochondria and chloroplasts. she work basically shows how ukaryotic cells rose from Prokaryotic organisms. -
Spliceosomes http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(14)01553-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098221401553X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&cc=y=
Splicesomes are multimegadalton ribonucleoprotein in a Eukaryotic nucleus. they attach to RNA Polymerase ll and splice to attach exons. There are approximately 200,000 Splicesomes in the human body and they work together to splice introns. The are essential to RNA. -
Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/2/text_pop/l_102_01.html
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes an essay called "Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" that criticized anti-evolution creationism, religion, and is in favor of evolution. -
"Lucy", Australopithecus afarensis http://www.history.com/news/famed-lucy-fossils-discovered-in-ethiopia-40-years-ago
Lucy is known to be one of humans ancestors dating back to 3.2 million years ago. Dr. Donald Johanson and Tom Gray discovered the skeleton of Lucy. Johanson first recognized the elbow then that led to finding the thighbone, vertebrae and ribs. Later on, they spent a couple more days searching; they found pieces of a leg, pelvis, hand, arm, the lower jawbone with teeth, along with part of the skull. This is one of the most prominent fossils because of how complete and ancient it is. -
The Sanger Technique https://www.dnalc.org/view/15479-Sanger-method-of-DNA-sequencing-3D-animation-with-narration.html
The Sanger Technique was developed by Frederick Sanger. It was the first way to develop the DNA sequence. The first way to do this was by copying the DNA over and over again after each base is identified the copying is terminated and it starts over to find a new one. They are then all put together in the end to make one DNA sequence. The second is built upon the first. -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/
The discovery of these deep sea hydrothermal vents refined the requirements for life. After noticing that the temperature was changing so drastically in the ocean this lead to scientist become more interested in the area of heat. After discovering that there hotter areas were Hydrothermal vents they were fascinated by the life that was around it because they did not think that life can reside in 400 degree Celsius temperature. -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html
The creation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction helped scientist make copies of DNA. it has been used to detect viruses and defects in genetics. Some DNA and loose nucleotides are put into test tubes. DNA segments are added and this helps the formation. Lastly primers locate the segments and help copy the DNA sequence. -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/us/rapist-convicted-on-dna-match.html
Tommie Lee Andrews was convicted for raping two people. The first conviction was proved with DNA "fingerprint" and the fingerprint Andrews gave them. The second conviction, a 27-year-old woman was raped and stabbed. Scientist tested the woman blood, the semen in her, and Andrews blood. The DNA in the semen matched the DNA in the blood of Andrews. -
Innocence Project https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/
The Innocence Project uses DNA to identify innocent people who are in incarcerated for actions and other crimes that they did not commit. -
CRISPr/CAS 9 http://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9
This is the most versatile tool that edits the human genome. It can remove, add, and alter the chemical makeup in the DNA Sequence. The reason why it is so important is because it is a tool that can potentially help against medical conditions like cancer. -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis
The Sahelanthropus tchadensis is what scientist believe to be the oldest ancestors of the human family tree. They have both ape-like and human-like features (the location of the foramen magnum) which differentiate it from other animals of that time. The discovery of 9 cranial specimens was found in 2001, and therefore leads people to think they walked upright just like human beings. -
The Human Genome https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/
A genome is genetic material or DNA which contains the genetic instructions for an organisms development . DNA is made of two strands which are made of the four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Adenine and Thymine are pairs and appear on opposite strands in the same areas as well as Guanine and Cytosine. Therefore, this discovery is important because scientist were able to figure out the exact way DNA is made up and every component that is involved. -
Homo Denisova http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3321354/The-mysterious-cousin-lived-alongside-Neanderthals-Homo-sapiens-DNA-shows-Denisovans-far-widespread-thought.html
Denisovans have always been thought of as real from bits of DNA but there was never proof of them until they found fossil proof in 2008. There is speculation to if they are Neanderthals. The fossils that they found were cranial fossil which were also very similar to of Asian fossils they had found earlier -
Richard L Bible is executed http://archive.azcentral.com/news/articles/20110630arizona-execution-richard-lynn-bible.html
Richard Bibble was executed by lethal injection for raping and killing nine year old, Jennifer Wilson. After being on death row for two decade he was executed. Witnesses explained how he looked before he died. -
Dolly https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/dolly_the_sheep.htm
Dolly is the world first cloned mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. The way that they were able to do this was by planting an adult sheep cell into an egg and then placing that combination into a surrogate mother. She was born July 5 of 1996.
