History of Instructional Design

  • School museums

    School museums
    School museums were created for students to have access to educational artifacts.
  • Instructional films

    Instructional films
    More use of visual media and motion picture
  • Instructional radio

    Instructional radio
    Radio broadcasting started to become more interested in instructional purposes and functions.
  • Behavioral objectives

    Behavioral objectives
    Clarification of objectives through static learning helps them to be better processed and remembered; Ralph Tyler
  • World War 2

    World War 2
    Large and urgent need for instructional audio-visual training techniques.
  • Media research

    Media research
    Intensive research programs started; wanted to explore different aspects and uses of audio-visual materials were tied to learning.
  • Television

    Television
    TV was created to display media for entertainment purposes.
  • Instructional TV

    Instructional TV
    TV media started to be used with more of an instructional purpose, used in classrooms and other training fields.
  • Early computers

    Early computers
    Computers were invented and some were used in public schools to help further education.
  • Programmed instruction

    Programmed instruction
    Ability to program computers and other technological devices in order to have linear processes and correct responses.
  • Sputnik

    Sputnik
    The Soviet Union launched Sputnik which pushed the US government to fund efforts to improve our math and science educational departments.
  • Taxonomy of educational objectives

    Taxonomy of educational objectives
    Bloom and his colleagues were able to acknowledge a variety of learning outcomes and claimed that tests were able to measure these outcomes.
  • Criterion referenced testing

    Criterion referenced testing
    Intended to measure how well an individual was able to perform a particular behavior.
  • Instructional design models

    Instructional design models
    Gagne, Glaser, and Silvern developed models for designing instructional media, using the terms instructional design, system development, systematic instruction, and instructional system.
  • Events of instruction

    Events of instruction
    Robert Gagne also reported nine events of instruction that were essential for promoting a learning outcome.
  • Conditions of learning

    Conditions of learning
    "The Conditions of Learning" by Robert Gagne. Five domains of learning outcomes = verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitude, and cognitive strategies.
  • Formative evaluation

    Formative evaluation
    The ideological creation of "drafts" to encourage revision and formality; Michael Scriven
  • Summative evaluation

    Summative evaluation
    Testing instructional materials after they're in their final form; Michael Sciven
  • Cognitive psychology

    Cognitive psychology
    Instant growth of principals of cognitive psychology and how they could be applied to the instructional design process.
  • Constructivism

    Constructivism
    Collection of similar views of learning and instruction requiring learners to solve complex and realistic problems through partnering, taking multiple perspectives, taking ownership, and becoming aware of the learner's role in the process.
  • Internet

    Internet
    Gave access to many different outlets of information in a very timely manner.
  • My date of birth

    My date of birth
    The day I was born.