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Self-Testing machine invented
Sidney Pressey invented a machine in 1924 to provide drill and practice items to his students at Ohio State University. In 1926, he published the first paper on the use of a teaching machine in School and Society. Pressey’s self-testing machine gave learners immediate feedback. Pressey thought his teaching machine would lead to an “industrial revolution in education.” Click here to see an image of a testing machine. -
Electronic television invented
Philo Farnsworth was an American inventor known as the “Father of electronic television”. The television had a dramatic effect on education in relation to changing the dynamic between the student and teacher by setting up two ways to learn: either “from” or “with” technology. TV exposed students to more content and visual media, providing insight to different parts of the world.
click here to view footage of Philo and bio by great granddaughter. -
The Great Depression
This had an impact on many innovations in America. In particular, securing funding for the development of Philo Farnsworth's Electric Television. -
World War II
Tremendous resources went into the development and evaluation of training programs in the military. Many psychologists and educators were called upon including Gagne, Briggs, and Flanagan. Many of the instructional design strategies developed were based upon their research on learning and behavior conducted during the war. -
Mark 1 - first electromechanical computer developed.
Grace Hopper helped program the first electromechanical computer, the Mark I. In 1952, she contributed to the creation of the first compiler, and in 1959 she was an adviser for the development of the first programming language, COBOL. She helped coin the term “bug” to describe a computer programming problem after a moth was discovered inside the Mark II computer. She believed computers should be user friendly. Click here to see Mark 1 working. -
Programmed learning integrated into teaching machines.
B.F. Skinner published The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching, and began experimenting with teaching machines making use of programmed learning. Believed children could be taught complicated tasks by breaking them down. His teaching machines displayed questions and revealed answers for an immediate reward. Computer-based self-instruction uses many of the Skinner's principals. Click to watch Skinner explain his teaching machine. -
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives published.
Benjamin Bloom edits and oversees the first volume of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, the framework of which is known simply as Bloom’s Taxonomy.
He organized the objectives and skills essential to learning into three domains: affective, psychomotor, and cognitive. The skills in the cognitive domain are commonly used as a hierarchical structure for instructional design. Click here to see how. -
Soviets launch Sputnik
US was shocked and poured millions into math and science in order to put the first to land a man on the moon. The vast array of instructional materials created were not tested on learners. This eventually led the way for Michael scriven to make a call for instructional materials to be evaluated by teachers. He made a distinction between formative and summative assessments. -
First academic IT department established.
James Finn created the first academic Instructional Technology department. Be velived the field should be based on theory and research. He established a Commission on Definition and Terminology whose goal was to define the field and associated terminology. Transformed role of an audio visual professional from support to a role of innovation and leadership. -
Task Analysis through Theory of instruction is introduced to instructional design.
Robert Gagne was an educational psychologist who introduced the idea of task analysis to instructional design. He wrote The Conditions of Learning, which contains the essential Nine Events of Instruction; a checklist for the teaching process. He dev. 5 categories of learning: attitude, intellectual, cognitive, verbal and motor skills. These remain integral to ID models to this day. IDD students study his ideas and methods today. On the lighter side -
ADDIE Model Developed
The ADDIE model was first created in 1975 at FSU for the military. ADDIE stands for the five stages in the model: Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaulate. This model is still widely used today in Instructional design. -
Dick and Carey Model
In 1978, the Dick and Carey Instructional model was introduced. As IDD students, we utilize this model in our studies. It has become one of the most popular and influential models today. The interesting thing about this model is that the learner's welfare is at the forefront and includes feedback throughout the process. -
Macintosh - personal computer hits the market
Steve Jobs introduced the Macintosh computer to the world in 1984. This was a mass-marketed personal computer with a graphical user interface that would revolutionize computing forever. It became an educational tool in top universities throughout the country, including the entire Ivy League. Apple went on to become the largest education company in the world, improving IT applications with the invention of the Mac laptop & iPad. Unveiling Mac -
World Wide Web goes Public
In 1991, the WWW was introduced to the public. It was created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. This event probably has the biggest impact on technology and education today. -
IT organized into 5 domains and definition of IT updated.
Barbara Seels and Rita Richey brought IT into the modern era. They organized IT into five domains: design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation. Their contributions are a major influence in the direction of IT today.
Interview with Dr. Richey -
Creative Commons launched (Successor to Open Content Project)
David Wiley is Chief Academic Officer of Lumen Learning, Education Fellow at Creative Commons, and Adjunct Faculty of Instructional Psychology & Technology at Brigham Young University where he was previously an Associate Professor. A pioneer for open access content, known as Creative Commons. He began the precursor to Creative Commons, known as the Open Content Project, in 1998. One of the main figures in the open content movement. Wiley's Ted Talk -
iPhone and Smartphones become popular
The first iPhone was introduced in 2007. With it's introduction, other phone makers decided they needed to catch up. Around 2010, smartphones became very popular and replaced the traditional flip phones. With smartphones and iPhones, we are able to surf the web, check emails, text, keep up with social media, and log into elc! Smartphones make it possible for people anywhere to have access to education. -
Nearpod VR
In 2012, Gudio Kovalsky. Emiliano Abramzon, and Felipe Sommer introduced the US classrooms to affordable virtual reality. Nearpod is a device that can be used with any computer, mac, or iPad. It enables students to go on a virtual field trip. The Silver membership is free for teachers and there are payable upgrades.
This device opens up wondrous worlds to explore for students.
Video: Link text -
Articulate Storyline 3
Tom Kuhlmann is the Chief Learning Architect for Articulate. He has joined Dr. Clinton's class on many occasions to speak to the students about Articulate and answer questions. Articulate Storyline 3 came out in 2017. The first "version" of this program was called Studio and was published in 2004. Since then, Storyline (2012), Storyline 2 (2014) and Articulate 360 (2016) have been published. This is a major program we use today to create interactive learning modules.
