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CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning)
Computer-Assisted Language Learning, or CALL, is divided into 3 phases in its evolution. 1- Behavioristic
2- Communicative
3- Integrative -
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Behavioristic CALL
Behavioristic CALL was the first phase of CALL. Around 70's, the predominant teaching method was through grammar, so computers were used to correct mistakes. In this phase, computers were limited in potential and power, therefore they could only work through text and give feedback. Nevertheless, it was a useful tool for language teaching grammar as machines could pace themselves for learners and did not get tired, unlike human instructors. -
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Communicative CALL
Communicative CALL is the second phase. In the 1980's, instructors started to use the CLT, which means Communicative Language Teaching. Therefore, computers had to catch up to the trend as well. In this phase, the computers were used to help learners gain language skills instead of grammar. The programs were also gamified in order to keep the learners interested. -
RALL (Robot-Assisted Language Learning)
RALL was first proposed a long time ago, around 1980's. But with the scientific breakthroughs about A.I. (Artificial Intelligence), it has recently become possible to use robots for education. There are multiple programs that use simple A.I.'s to help learners achieve their goals, these programs can even understand what the learners say, even though they are not that accurate when it comes to flawed speech or children's speech. However, it still has a lot of untapped potential. -
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Integrative CALL
Integrative CALL is the final phase of the CALL. We are still in this phase as of 2022. Nowadays, instructors require learners to actively take place in the learning process by doing tasks and projects. In this phase, computers are being used as a tool to help learners complete such tasks with ease. The use of computers was also changed. Before this phase, it was about grammar and skills, but now, computers are used to communicate and create classes everywhere. -
MALL (Mobile-Assisted Language Learning)
Mobile phones are being used in classes by instructors for language learning. Mobile phones are easy to carry around and they offer a more beginner-friendly technology service for learners who are not tech savvy. They also provide a learning environments for distant students as they can reach their mobile phones at any given time. -
References
Al-kadi, A. (2018). A Review of Technology Integration in ELT: From CALL to MALL . Language Teaching and Educational Research , 1 (1) , 1-12 . https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/later/issue/37194/393131 Engwall, O. & Lopes, J. (2020). Interaction and collaboration in robot-assisted language learning for adults. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(5-6), 1273–1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1799821 John. C. (2018). Technology and the Curriculum: Summer 2018. Robpower. -
References
Polat, M. (2017). Call in context: A brief historical and theoretical perspective. Issues and Trends in Educational Technology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_itet_v5i1_polat Vincent. D. (2008, January). Computer assisted language learning Elt World Wiki. https://elt.fandom.com/wiki/Computer_assisted_language_learning#History