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Constructivism
Began with the developmental work of Jean Piaget (1896-1980). -
School Museums
The first school museum opens in St. Louis. -
Visual Education
Keystone View Company publishes a teacher's guide to lantern slides and stereographs. -
Instructional Films
The first catalog of instructional films are published. -
Behaviorism
John B. Watson published "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It." -
Department of Visual Instruction
The DVI, now Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), was created. -
The Great Depression
The Great Depression was part of cause of the investment and loss of more than $50 million in the visual instruction movement. -
Schema Theory
Introduced by British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett. -
Cognitivism
Coined by Jean Piaget. -
Division of Visual Aids for War Training
The federal government established the division that oversaw the production of 457 training films between 1941-45 during WWII. -
The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
B. F. Skinner's article is published starting a minor revolution in the education field. -
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Behavioral objectives were boosted due to the publishing of Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, & Krathwohl. -
Sputnik
Soviet Union launches Sputnik, resulting in millions of U.S. dollars being put into improving math and science education. -
Criterion-Referenced Testing
Robert Glaser introduced the term criterion-referenced measures, a form of testing that measures the performance of specific behaviors. -
First Definition
The first definition of instructional technology was produced by the Department of Audiovisual instruction. -
The Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne's first edition was published outlining the five domains of learning outcomes, and nine events of instruction. -
Gagne's Theory of Instruction
Gagne proposed the nine events of instruction. -
Commission Definition
In To Improve Learning, the Commission on Instructional Technology gave two definitions of instructional technology that reinforced old notions and also clearly defined the systematic process. -
Instructional Design Model
Several branches of the U.S. military adopt the model. -
Journal of Instructional Development
Chronicled developments in the instructional design field. -
AECT Definition
The Association for Educational Communications and Technology published 16 statements, 9 pages of tables, and 9 more chapters defining the field. They were the first to mention the analysis phase. -
Computers for Instruction
Personal computers were being used for instruction in more than 40% of elementary schools and more than 75% of secondary schools in the U.S. (Center for Social Organization, 1983). -
Human Performance Improvement Movement
Growing interest in constructivist views of teaching and learning, as well as, using computers to aid and improve on-the-job performance. -
Situated Learning Theory
Developed by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger. -
Internet in the 21st Century
The Internet became increasingly relied on as a means of presenting instruction. -
Connnectivism
Introduced by George Siemens and Stephen Downes. -
Definition and Terminology Committee
The AECT Definition and Terminology Committee published a series of chapters explaining each key term in the definition, with a new emphasis on ethics and the adjective technological. -
Online College Course Increase
Approximately 32% of higher institution students had at least one online course, up from 10% in 2002 (Allen & Seaman, 2013). -
Business/Industry Training
28% of businesses and industries used online training, up from 13% in 2003 (ASTD Research, 2010; ATD Research, 2015a). -
Smartphones/Tablets
64% of college students use smartphones, 40% use tablets for schoolwork.
41% of students grades 4-12 use smartphones, 37% use tablets for schoolwork.
2-3 times a week (Pearson, 2015ab). -
Reiser & Dempsey
First to define the field as instructional design and technology because the field encompasses instructional media, design, and performance improvement.