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Initial stages of Special Education
Special education programs begin to become available in many schools. There is a larger emphasis on "manual" skills for special needs students than academic skills (e.g. basket weaving, bead stringing, etc.) -
Foundation of the ARC
A group of parents founded with the intent of helping others understand their children's potential and to gain access for them to school programs, education and jobs. Among the first organization sot point out the correlation between lead paint and intellectually disabilities. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Landmark decision by the Supreme Court that ruled segregation was unlawfully under the 14th amendment. The decision was pivotal in introducing the concept of integration; the idea of ensuring students of diverge groups need to learn together. Concept was later the basis for the idea of Least Restrictive Environment. -
Establishment of National Association for Children with Down Syndrome
Organization began by parents of students with Down Syndrome. The goal was to organize educational and recreational programs for students with down syndrome. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Federal law mandating that the highest academic standards for all students including those with disabilities be included in the curriculum. Also recommended the use of alternative test such as RTi to identify students who may require special education. -
PARC vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District ruled that schools may not refuse to educate students with intellectual disabilities. -
Section 504 of Vocational Rehabilitation Act
Federal law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities from attending programs from institutions that receive federal funds such as schools or public facilities. Also provides certain students with school assistance even if they do not receive special education education. -
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Federal law protecting the rights of privacy of student education records. It gives parents certain rights with respect to their child's education records. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Federal law that prescribes categories of disabilities that makes students eligible to receive special education, related services and supplementary aides. It has 6 core principles 1) Free and Appropriate Public Education 2) Least Restrictive Environment 3) Individualized Education Programs 4) Non-discriminatory Evaluations 5) Due Process 6) Zero Reject/Child find -
Larry P. V Wilson Riles
Court case in which U.S District Court of North California ruled that IQ tests could not be used to determine if African American students had a disability because of their racial and cultural bias. -
Daniel R.R v. State Board of Education
Court case that established the appropriate placement for students with disabilities depends on the following factors: a) students can be satisfactorily educated in general setting with supplementary support. b) student is included to the fullest extend possible when general education is not possible (Least Restrictive Environment) -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Federal law that protects all individuals with disabilities from discrimination and requires most employers (whether from the public or private sector) to make reasonable accommodations. It also ensures public transportation, and public buildings are accessible to people with disabilities. -
Implementation of Evidence Based Practices
Approach to education that emphasis the following principles: 1) techniques, strategies and polices should be grounded on research that demonstrates its effectiveness 2) studies on effectiveness should be highly quality 3) eliminate practices that have not been demonstrated to be effective -
Oberti v. Board of Education of Clemont School District
Court case that ruled school districts must make available to students with disabilities the full range of supports and services to serve students in general education classrooms (e.g. recreational activities, after school programs, etc.). -
Doe v. Withers
Court case that ruled teachers can be personally liable for failing to make a good-faith effort to provide accommodations to students with disabilities. -
No Child Left Behind Act
Federal law which requires states to administer of reading and math skills of public school students and to demonstrate adequate progress. Schools were required to meet goals or risk sanctions and eventually closures. -
The Educational Science Reform Act
Federal law that ensures stakeholders such as parents, teachers, and schools have access to data collected by the government concerning the quality of education and research practices and findings. -
Shaffer v. West
Court case that ruled burden of proof about disagreement of an IEP lies on whichever party has a disagreement. This was historic because uptime this time it was assumed that school districts always had the burden of proof. -
Endrew v Douglas County School District
Court cased that rule school districts must educate children with ambitious goals and meaningful educational progress. It set the precedent that de mimimus progress (bare minimum progress) was not the intent of the law regulating the education of students with disabilities. -
Consolidated Appropriations Act
Spending bill for the 2021 fiscal year the provides majoring funding for public schools and COVID relief.