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Events that promoted Mexican independence
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Reasons for wanting Independence
The desire for autonomy stemmed from the discriminatory social hierarchy imposed by the Spanish colonial system, which favored those of European descent over the majority indigenous and mestizo populations. Economic exploitation, heavy taxation, and trade restrictions also fueled discontent among the Mexican population. The Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty, and fraternity inspired Mexican intellectuals to question the legitimacy of Spanish rule. (115) -
Grito de Dolores
The Grito de Dolores was a pivotal event in Mexican history that ignited the flame of independence from Spanish colonial rule. On the morning of September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest and revolutionary leader, delivered a stirring speech from the parish of Dolores, calling upon Mexicans to rise against oppression and inequality. Hidalgo's Grito served as a catalyst, mobilizing people from various social classes to join the cause and fight for a free and sovereign Mexico. (117) -
The Casa Revolt
Led by Juan Bautista de las Casas, the uprising took place in 1811 and represented a continuation of the struggle for independence initiated by Miguel Hidalgo. Casas sought to address issues of social inequality and the rights of indigenous communities. Although the Casas Revolt was eventually suppressed by Spanish authorities, it contributed to the diversification of revolutionary leaders and tactics, emphasizing the widespread nature of the desire for change in Mexico. (118) -
Hidalgo's Leadership and Demise
Hidalgo rallied a diverse coalition of supporters, including peasants, indigenous people, and mestizos, against Spanish colonial rule. His strategic brilliance and charismatic appeal enabled the insurgents to achieve significant victories, capturing key cities and gaining momentum in their fight for independence. However, Hidalgo's capture in 1811 dealt a severe blow to the movement. Despite meeting his tragic end, Hidalgo's legacy endured, inspiring subsequent leaders to continue. (119) -
Gutierrez-Magee Expedition
Gutiérrez collaborated with Augustus Magee in the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition, which aimed to liberate Texas and parts of Mexico from Spanish colonial rule. Their efforts resulted in the proclamation of the Republic of the North in 1813, marking one of the first attempts to establish an independent Mexican state. While the expedition faced challenges and eventual defeat, Gutiérrez's endeavors showcased the diverse and persistent nature of the quest for Mexican independence. (119) -
Félix María Calleja del Reys' Suppression
As the captain general and later viceroy of New Spain, he was a staunch defender of Spanish colonial interests. Calleja implemented strict measures to quell the insurgent movements led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos, employing ruthless tactics to maintain Spanish control. Notably, he decisively defeated Hidalgo's forces in the Battle of Calderón Bridge in 1811, dealing a significant blow to the early phase of the independence movement. (120) -
Jose Maria Morelos' Leadership
Morelos, successfully led the insurgents from 1811 to 1815. Morelos implemented significant social and political reforms, including the drafting of the Constitution of Apatzingán in 1814, outlining principles for an independent Mexican state. However, his capture by Spanish forces in 1815 marked a turning point for the rebellion. Morelos' trial and execution on December 22, 1815, resulted in the loss of another key figure in the fight for independence, temporarily weakening the insurgency. (119) -
Plan of Iguala
Agreed upon by Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero, the plan outlined the terms for Mexican independence and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The three main guarantees included the preservation of Roman Catholicism as the official religion, the establishment of Mexican independence, and the principle of social equality. The plan sought to unite different factions within the independence movement, appealing to both royalists and insurgents by offering a compromise. (124) -
Mexico officially declared its independence
On September 27, 1821, Mexico officially declared its independence from Spanish rule. This historic event was a culmination of years of struggle and resistance against colonial oppression. The key contributors to this occasion were Agustín de Iturbide, who played a crucial role in negotiating and implementing the terms of the Plan of Iguala. Additionally, Vicente Guerrero, another significant leader, endorsed the plan and collaborated with Iturbide to solidify the country's independence. (125) -
Viceroy Juan O'Donojú's Agreement
In 1820, as the last viceroy of New Spain, he was appointed by the Spanish crown to negotiate with Mexican insurgents. Recognizing the inevitability of Mexican independence due to political changes in Spain and ongoing struggles in Mexico, O'Donojú entered into negotiations with Agustín de Iturbide. Their discussions culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba on August 24, 1821, which recognized Mexican independence. (125)