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a. The Grammar-Translation Method
This method was traditionally used to teach Latin and Greek in Universities. -
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b. The Direct Method
This method came into use when teachers thought that learning how to use a foreign language for the purpose of communication was the goal of instruction. -
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c. The Audio-Lingual Method
While the Direct Method emphasizes vocabulary acquisition through exposure to its use in situations, the Audio-Lingual Method drills students in the use of grammatical sentence patterns. Secondly, the Direct Method has a strong theoretical base in linguistics and psychology. -
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d. The Silent Way
The Silent Way developed by Caleb Gattegno (1976, 33-44) shares certain principles of the Cognitive Approach. -
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e. Community Language Learning
This method is to establish interpersonal relationships
between the teacher and students to facilitate learning. The thought is that learning, like living, is a social affair and can come about only from social interaction. The students first establish interpersonal relationships in their native language while the teacher focuses their attention on students’ needs. -
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f. Desuggestopedia
Lozanov (1978,12-85) asserts that language learning can occur at a much faster rate if we help students remove their psychological barriers to learning which cause their inefficiency. -
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g. Communicative Language Teaching
CLT represents a shift in the late 1970s and early 1980s from a linguistic structure-centered approach to a Communicative Approach. CLT is usually characterized as a broad approach to teaching, rather than as a teaching method with a clearly defined set of classroom practices. -
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h. Total Physical Response
Total Physical Response is a language learning method based on the coordination of speech and action. It was developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University, California. It is linked to the trace theory of memory, which holds that the more often or intensively a memory connection is traced, the stronger the memory will be.