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Cells
Robert Hooke coined the ter cells and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microrganisms because of the invention of the microscope -
Pea Plants
Gregor mendel. discovered simple laws of inheritance this allowed one to predict the outcome of crosseswith certain traits -
Fermentation
Louis Pastur described the scientific basis for fermentaion, wine making, and the brewing of beer, established the science of microbiology and prposed the germ theory, claming microrganisms were resonsible for infectious disease -
Nucleaic acid
John Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages, this later lead scieenctists to believe DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism -
Fruit Flies
studying fruit flies Thomas yhunt Morgan discovered genes were on chromesomes -
Genetics and bactira
Fred Griffen used mice and proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bactira to another -
Fungus
Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penacillin from fungus , many of his ideas are used in bio-tech today -
DNA
Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine eqwueled those thymine and hte other number of units of cytosine equeled thos of guanie -
One gene one enzyme
Beadle and Tatum proposed one gene produces one enzyme. in -
continuing one gene one enzyme
Avery Mcarty and Mecleod established that indeed Dna was hereditary material that was transferred. -
blender experiment
Hershey and Chase proved viruses replicate using DNA and confirmed DNA as hereditary material -
x-ray
Rosdalind Frankilin and Maurice Wilkins established through x-ray crystallographgy that DNA was a double helix -
DNA
Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA -
Plasmid DNA
ROland discovered Plasmid DNA circular DNA found in bactiria -
gene expression
Walter Glibert discoverd the mechinism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA -
bactiral reconstuctuion
Arber Nathans and SMith discovered bacterial reconstuction enzymes that cut DNA -
amino acids
Khorana and Nierenberg discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20n amino acids making up proteins -
purified plasmids
DNA plasmids were isolated and purified by VInograd -
Bactirium
Madel and Hitga were reponsible for the first transformation of the bactirium Escherichia COli -
cloning
CLoning experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen -
Genetic engeneering
Genetech was the first genetic engeneering company -
recombiant DNA
140 scientists met to draw up the guidelines for work with recombiant DNA in microrganisms, Paul Berg was the key organizer -
pollymerase chain
Kary Mullins invented polymearase chan reactionamplifi DNA -
insulin
Bioyerr inserted a synthetic insulin gene into e-coli -
Vitro fertalization
Louise joy brown was born the first human baby resulting in virto fertalization in which sperm and egg are formed in a petri dish, the egg is later implanted in the womb -
genetically altered life
the U.S supreme court ruled that genetical altered life forms can be planted resulted in huge strt up of biotech companies -
transgenic animals
ohio university scientists made the first trangenic animals -
humane insulin
Eli Lilly place insulin into bactiria -
Transformationplants
Schell Chiltion Van Montagu Fraley and Hosch transformed plants with agrobactirum metiated gene tranmsfer -
flouresent
automatic flouresent sequencer, speeding up the labor -
RFLP
Jefferies applied RFLP in DNA profiling to study criminal cases -
organism
genes moved into an organism through use of gene gun -
PLANts
NIH revised saftey guidlines for recombiant DNA include plants grow in greenhouses and animals raised in barns -
RNA
Andrew fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference silencing in the worm ELEGANs -
MAb
kolher milstein and jerne ised monoclonal antibody -
artifical chromesomes
Maynard olson created artifical chromesomes or yac are expression vectors for large proteins -
dolly sheep
Ian Wilmust cloned dolly the sheep -
DNA Microarray
looking at genes of an organism ar one time on a microscope slide -
Automsted DNA sequencer
autmated sequencer invented by dabiri and garner -
MRNA
ROn Breaker coined term ribswitch mRNA molocule regenerate -
huiman genome prject
completion of human genome project by Fransis Collins
