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Due to the social taboo of disecting human corpses, Galen only disected apes, pigs, sheep and goats. Although some of his ideas about the human body were wrong, like the thought we only have 3 connected systems. He discovered arteries carry blood and not air and described the heart valve among other things.
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Lamarck shared the hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics, he thought organisms can change during their life to adapt to their environments. Lamarck believed the changes made will pass to their offspring. He used the theory that giraffes used to have short necks but grew long necks over time to reach the higher leaves in trees.
http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
Charles Darwin boarded the HMS Beagle and traveled the world. He left from Plymouth, England. Some places he went were Cape Verde Islands and made observations about cuddle fish. Brazil and explored the rain forest. He took a 5 year journey exploring the world.
Cite:https://www.aboutdarwin.com/voyage/voyage03.html -
Russell independently came to the conclusion of a natural, observable way for life to change; something Darwin would call natural selection. The men corresponded briefly and Darwin was shocked when Wallace sent him a his theory in 1858, because it almost replicated Darwin's theory. Wallace's theory became overlooked as Darwin's theory and book became popular.
Cite:http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_14 -
Pasteur created a controlled experiment where he took broth and kept it sterile from bacteria. The results refuted that bacteria are spontaneous grow microbial life. It still took years of germ theory to completely refute the theory that bacteria came from nothing.
Cite:https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/introduction-to-microbiology-1/in -
Charles Darwin published "The Origin of species by means of natural selection"; by 1872 the book had already had six editions published because it was so popular. Darwin argued that organisms gradually evolve through a process called "natural selection", genetic variations to suit the environment.
Cite:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published -
Mendel created the theory of inheritance by studying and cross breeding pea plants to discover that traits are inherited, Some traits are recessive while others are dominant
Cite:https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2000-mendel-s-principles-of-inheritance -
Hardy and Weinberg describe a basic principle of population genetics. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 where p is the frequency of the "A" allele and q is the frequency of the "a" allele in the population. In the equation, p2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa.
cite:https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/hardy-weinberg-equation-299 -
Morgan discovered one of his fruit flies had white eyes instead of red. Upon further experimentation he discovered Mendelian's Theory of Inheritance of dominant and recessive traits could apply. He discovered the eye color of the fruit fly was an expressed sex-link trait.
Cite http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php -
Earnest Rutherford and Neils Bohr develop a structure that depicts the atom as a small, postively charged nucleus. It is surrounded by electrons that travel in rotation like a solar system. The model was shortened to just being called Bohr model.
Cite:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model -
It was the first experiment showing bacteria can get DNA through transformation. His experiment with living bacteria changed physical form.
Cite: https://education.llnl.gov/bep/science/10/tLect.html -
Dobzhansky's book implements theories of mutation, natural selection and speciation to explain habits of populations & resulting effects on their genetic behavior.
Cite:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species -
The hypothesis is that each gene produces a single enzyme thta affects a single step in a metabolic way.
Cite:https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/george-w-beadles-one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis -
He said" Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are re productively isolated from other such groups."
cite:https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Biological_species_concept.asp -
Cousteau wanted a device that combined compressed-air cylinders and regulators that would supply air on demand underwater. With the help of Gagnan they invented the aqua-lung. In 1946 the aqua-lung was mass produced.
Cite:https://www.deepblu.com/post/81641b20107c11e7aa9ad181bc785596 -
Avery. Macleod. McCarthy worked with bacterium that caused pneumonia to help demonstrate the role of DNA as a carrier of genetic info.
Cite:http://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
Barbara discovered some chromosomes could be mobile. The mobile chromosomes are called transposons, and depending where they insert themselves in a chromosome can alter the expression of the other genes.
Cite:http://www.pnas.org/content/109/50/20198.full.pdf -
Chase and Hershey used the findings by Avery, McCleod and McCarthy and used a T2 virus to investigate if genetic info is passed by DNA or proteins. Using radioactive material they concluded DNA carries out instructions to make new viruses.
Cite:http://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
The double helix is a twisted ladder structure of DNA. Clark and Watson used Rosalind Frankin's x-ray technique to prove that DNA is a double helix. Until then, researchers used the term "gene" to mean the smallest unit of genetic info.
Cite:https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Franklin crystallized a form of a molecule like DNA and exposed it to x-rays. The x-rays were deflected by atoms in the crystal, forming diffraction patterns. Image 51 is a famous x-shaped image that made Franklin suggest a 2 strand structure for DNA
Cite:http://www.technology.org/2014/02/04/explainer-x-ray-crystallography/ -
In 1952 biochemists Miller and Urey conduct experiments to demonstrate several organic compounds could form spontaneously by simualting the conditions of earths early atmosphere. They mixed gases over a pool of water (earths early ocean). Several organic amino acids formed from inorganic material.
Cite:http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/miller_urey.html -
Meselson & Stahl meet in 1954 and by 1958 have proven the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative. The hypothesis was originally made by Watson & Crick a few years prior. It meant the two strands of the double helix will separate during replication and act as a template to synthesize two new strands.
Cite:https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/mode-of-dna-replication-meselson-stahl-experiment -
Nirenberg discovers the 1st "triplet" out of 64 triplet codons in genetic coding by using the RNA to translate specific amino acids
Cite:http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php -
The theory of endosymbiosis is that prokaryotic organisms were independent and cooperative. They engulfed each other and survived and became eukaryotic cells.
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Lucy's other common name is AL-288-1, which is several hundred pieces of bone fossils representing 40% of a female hominin species. She was found in what is today Ethiopia. She is estimated to be 3.2 million years old
Cite:https://australianmuseum.net.au/australopithecus-afarensis -
Fredrick Sanger develops a classical "rapid DNA sequencing." It determines the order of bases in each DNA strand.
Cite: https://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline/11 -
Eukaryotic genes are expressed as precursor mRNA's and converted to mRNA's by splicing. Pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosomes, a multimegadalton ribonucleoprotein (RNP).
Cite; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119917/ -
Hydro-thermal vents (like geysers or hot springs) on the ocean floor were discovered by scientists exploring along the mid-ocean ridge in the eastern Pacific. The vents change water temperatures from near freezing to 750 degrees Fahrenheit. Hundreds of new species and bacteria thrive around the vents.
Cite:https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
In the spring of 1985, Kary Mullis develops polymerase chain reaction that allows scarce DNA samples to be copied millions of times. This has brought breakthroughs in areas of science and medicine. It has helped diagnose genetic disorders, Aids detection and helped criminologists compare evidence with suspect samples.
Cite:http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html -
Andrews is the 1st defendant in the U.S. to be convicted of rape using DNA evidence. He was convicted of raping a 27 year old woman in Orlando based off of DNA samples from the rapists semen, victims blood and blood taken from Andrews after his arrest.
Cite:http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/us/rapist-convicted-on-dna-match.html -
Founded by Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck at Cardozo School of Law. They use DNA testing to prove wrongly convicted inmates are innocent. They also help prevent other injustices from happening with reforms in the criminal justice system.
Cite: https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/ -
Scientists at The Roslin Institute produced a cloned sheep from a mamary gland of a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep and an egg from a Scottish Blackface sheep. The experiment was to determine how cells change during development and if a cell such as skin or brain cells can produce a whole new animal.
Cite http://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/ -
One of the oldest known species in the human family tree. Believed to live 6-7 million years ago in west-central Africa and walked upright.
Cite:http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
The Human Genome Project is completed, it contains 3 billion base pairs in 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Cite:https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
A genome editing tool used to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding adn altering sections of the DNA sequence. CAS9 is an enzyme like a pair of molecular scissors.
Cite:https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/crispr-timeline -
A finger bone was found in Denisova cave in the Altai Mountains in Southern Siberia. Mitochondrial DNA couldn't place it as neanderthal or modern human. It is believed to be an unknown species we now call, Denisovan.
Cite:http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/denisova.html -
On June 30, 2011 Bible was executed for the rape and murder of a 9 year old girl in Flagstaff, AZ that happened in 1988. Hair found on the girl was deemed similar to Bible's along with some matching fibers and the girls blood found on his shirt.
Cite:http://archive.azcentral.com/news/articles/20110630arizona-execution-richard-lynn-bible.html
