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Carolus Linneaus
Carolus Linneaus contribution to evolution was the taxonomy used to identify what type of species a certain animal was. He also did this with plants. Another thing that Linneaus believed in was that The Earth's creation is the glory of God, as seen from the works of Nature by Man alone. The study of nature would reveal the Divine Order of God's creation, and it was the naturalist's task to construct a natural classification that would reveal this Order in the universe. -
Hutton
Hutton's contribution to evolution is the word uniformitarianism which means explains the features of Earth's crust by means of natural disatsters or process overtime. Hutton was well involved in geology which made him the Father of Modern Geology. His key idea of uniformitarianism came to show how erosion and sedimentation work. -
Lamarck
Lamarck wasn't quite right about his theory of evolution but he gave insightful ideas to what evolution was. His first idea were the terms use and disuse. He stated that if animals disused a certain bone or thing that its offspring wouldn't have that bone or thing anymore. For "use" he stated that if giraffs with short necks used their muscles to extend for the leafs on the tree then its offsprings would acquire a longer neck. One thing that he was right about was that individuals inherit traits -
Cuvier
Cuvier was important to evolution because he was the one that discovered Palentology, which is the digging of animal fossils. He also stated the words extinction with what he found from the fossils and suggested that they lived along time ago due to the area of strata. He also extended Linnaean taxonomy from the fossils that he discovered. -
Darwin
Darwin's contribution to evolution was his theory for Natural Selection. Which states that that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters. With this came evolution and therefore animals that lived through rough enviroments had to adapt and the weak ones died (survival of the fitness). -
Lyell
Lyell was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He was the author of the principles of geology which he came to learn from James Hutton. Lyell believed that the world is older than 300 million years, on the basis of its geological anomalies. Lyell was also a close and influential friend of Darwin. -
Gregor Mendel
Mendel's contribution to the field of science was the heredity of the offsprings. His experiments are used to determine the phenotype of the offspring. He also created the two laws of genetics. The genetic principles are called the law of segregation and the law of Independent assortment. Mendel coined the terms dominat and recessive while experimenting on the breeding of each colored pea plant. -
pharmaceuticals insulin
Insulin was taken from animals such as pigs to create a treatment for diabetes. Insulin is the must important hormone in the body to regulate blood glucose levels. Therefore, most doctors started to use insulin as injections for the people in the U.S. that have diabetes. In the biotechnology world insulin is created from bacteria. -
plasmid based transformation
This is the transformation of bacteria with plasmids. Bacteria is used for this experiment because they store and replicate plasmids quicker.Nearly all plasmids carry both bacterial origin of replication and anitbiotic resistant genes. -
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis is an electric field submerged in water and the DNA molecules are covered with ethidium bromide to track down the DNA. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate small DNA fragments from the large DNA fragments. It does this by attracting the negative molecules from DNA to the positive pole of the Gel Electrophoresis. -
Avery- MacLeod- McCarty
Avery, Macleod, and McCarty worked together to figure out what organelle was behind the genetic material in all organisms. Through experimentation they were able to state that DNA is the transforming material in cells. They proved this by infecting mouse with viruses and others with dead viruses to observe if the mouse would die. -
restriction enzyme analysis ( of DNA)
Restriction enzymes cuts DNA in the restriction site when the base sequence is at an end. The enzyme makes two incisions one through each sugar-phosphate backbone. They can also provide protection in bacteria and archaea from invading viruses. -
Franklin
Franklin was the first to discover how the molecules of DNA looked like through the use of X-ray. Her findings led other scientist to come up with the fact that DNA was a double helix yet Franklin was unable to present this as her own work which is why she wasn't recognized for the Noble Price. Her work led other scientist to finish what she started because she had died from the UV rays. -
Hershey and Chase
Hershey and Chase experimented with a viruse named T2 which was a bacteriophage. They injected the T2 into E. Coli. and observed what the bacteriophage did. Basically when T2 landed on the bacteria cell, it injected its genetic information into the cell and inside the cell new phage reproduced. The process was quick and T2 ended up killing the Host cell. They did this experiment to further prove if DNA actually was the genetic material passed down to new generations. -
Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick contributed to DNA by stating that DNA was a double spiraled helix. One strand moving up (5') and the other strand moving down (3'). They hadfound this out by the help of Chargaff and Franklin's x-ray models of DNA. They also stated that the matching base pairs interlocked with each other so that it could keep its spiraled shape -
Wilkins
Wilkins was able to produce the first clear X-rays of DNA that showed the shape of it. He then tried to prove his observation by taking squid sperm that looked like "X" shaped images in the X-rays. After 1953 and onwards he had to verify Watson and Crick's theory to DNA and had to observe RNA. -
stem cells
Stem Cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. They can be taken from embryos and can reproduce through mitosis. Only mammals and multicellular organisms carry these stem cells. In the biotechnology world, stem cells are produced to function as a particular cell in our body. They help dead cells and take over their job. -
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the prrocess of manually adding genetic information to an organism. Such as adding traits to any organism that aren't found in that organism. An example of this genetic engineering would be glow in the dark cats or fish. -
GMOs
An example of GMOs is the genetic modified foods that were experimented on by scientist. The food that were genetically modified were corn, soy, milk, alfalfa, canola, and sugar beets. In the biotechnology world GMOs are used by scientist to create a food that holds many chemical compounds that can be harmful to humans. But these compounds that are inserted into foods either increases the flavor of it or the size. -
polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction is a machine that generates thousands of DNA sequences at the same time. This machine is only used in molecular biology to amplify the DNA sequence. There's three stages of the PCR the exponential amplification, leveling off stage, and the plateau. -
Cloning
Cloning is the genetic identical information that is passed down from an adult cell. An example of this cloning would be Dolly the sheep. Dolly was identical to her mother. Scientist did this by taking one of the mothers cells and injecting it into an unfertilised egg cell. -
human genome project
The human genome project is a research project on the DNA sequence base pairs. The scientist there research which chemical bases pair up with each other. This project is also the identification and mapping of the human genes from both physical and functional standpoint. -
transgenic animals
These are animals that carry foreign genes that have been deliberately inserted into them. The end process is constructed because of recombinant DNA methods. As long as the cell is taken from an embryo scientists can alter the genes to act as human genes or any other genes.
