Bio Redemption

Scala Naturae

350 BCE

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath. He also had a had is several other categories. He lived from 384-322 b.c.e. In that time, he was the first to give an ordered classification to living things on the planet. http://palaeos.com/systematics/greatchainofbeing/scala_naturae.html

Galen and the Human Body

160

Galen did lots of research and dissections on animals such as apes and pigs. He had lots of theories such as veins carry blood and not air. Lots of these were incorrect, however. http://www.greekmedicine.net/whos_who/Galen.html

Hypothesis of Evolution

1801

Lamarck developed Hypothesis of Evolution by means of acquired characteristics and presented the information he found in 1801. He believed that the changes organisms go through due to their environment are passed to their offspring. http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html

HMS Beagle

Dec 27, 1831

The first voyage of the HMS Beagle started on December 27, 1831. There were 73 men as the crew with Captain FitzRoy at the helm. This voyage gave Darwin new area to research and places to explore. https://www.aboutdarwin.com/voyage/voyage03.html

Wallace Who?

1858

Alfred Russel Wallace, Like Darwin, made several discoveries in evolution research, but Darwin got most of the credit. After Wallace sent Darwin a paper explaining his findings, the pair released a joint paper in 1858. It explained evolution and natural selection. https://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct

On the Origin of Species

Nov 24, 1859

On the Origin of Species was published on November 24th, 1859, by Charles Darwin. His book was all about natural selection and how evolution occurred through it. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published-2

Germ Theory

1860

Before Louis Pasteur found out about germs between 1860 and 1864, it was thought that organism just occurred in other substances. Pasteur found that fermentation and other similar processes were caused by organism already in the air that then reacted with the material they landed on. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease

Pea Plants

1865

Gregor Mendel did genetic research with pea plants for eight years. During that time, Mendel grew over 10,000 pea plants and discovered the three Laws of Heredity. http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

1898

The Hardy-Weinberg equation is an equation that helps to tell how different alleles will appear and when and how they are expected to change. This http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium.html

Sex Linkage

1910

Morgan started his research on the possibility of sex linked traits in 1910. He researched flies and the color of their eyes. Males with white eyes died where as the females with white eyes did not. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452

Bohr Model

1913

Niels Bohr created his model of the atom in 1913. His model showed the possible areas of the electrons in rings as well as the densely packed nucleus. https://www.britannica.com/science/Bohr-atomic-model

Transformation

1928

Griffith performed his experiment that lead to his though of transformation in 1928. He injected certain bacteria into mince to see what would kill them and what wouldn't and how that affected later generations. https://explorable.com/transforming-principle

Genetics and the Origin of Species

1937

Theodosius Dobzhansky published Genetics and the Origin of Species in 1937. Severl other scientists had done this sort of research, but his book and findings refined it and made it easier for a broader scope of people to understand. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/15/7691.full

One Gene, One Enzyme

1941

Beadle and Tatum published the one gene one enzyme hypothesis in 1941. This hypothesis suggested that there was only one gene to program every one enzyme in organisms. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/george-w-beadles-one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis

SCUBA

1943

Jacques Cousteau invented the first scuba gear in 1943. He called it the "Aqua-Lung." Two years later, he started the French Navy's undersea research group. https://www.biography.com/people/jacques-cousteau-9259496

DNA is the Carrier

1944

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty helped show the how DNA is the carrier of genetic information by working with a type of bacteria. https://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life

Ensatina

1949

Ensatina was first called a ring species by Robert Stebbins in 1949. A "ring species" is a species that breeds and adapts and creates new species and eventually blends back into itself. Stebbins believed that the salamanders started in Northern California and Oregon and moved south until they once again met in Southern California. https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/devitt_02

Hershey-Chase Blender Experiments

1952

Hershey and Chase conducted theses experiments to prove that DNA is the carrier of genetic information rather than protein. Instead, they found that DNA is the source of genetic material. https://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/the-hershey-chase-blender-experiments/

Miller-Urey Experiments

1953

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey carried out some experiments in 1952 to try to date life on earth. They published their results in 1953. At the end of the experiment they found amino acids which are the building blocks for proteins. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/earth/earthsatmosphererev4.shtml

Double Helix

1953

The double helix of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. This was a big deal because it greatly helped the new research of DNA and protein synthesis. https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html

Cracking the Code

1961

Marshall Nirenberg found the first part of a section of DNA in 1941. He discovered the first triplet. Five years later, the rest were found out. http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php

Endosymbiosis

1967

This theory was first put together by Lynn Margulis in 1967. The theory says that bits of cells were taken into other cells and then used for that cell's life. https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html

Apollo 11

Jul 20, 1969

Apolla 11 landed on the moon on July 20th, 1969. This meant that earth had finally reached the moon. The first Americans who were lucky enough to takes steps on the moon's surface were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm

Nothing in Science Makes Sense

1973

Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote this essay in 1973, criticizing anti-evolution creationism and supporting theistic evolution. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_in_Biology_Makes_Sense_Except_in_the_Light_of_Evolution

"Lucy"

1974

Lucy, the Australopithecus afarensis fossil, was found in 1974 by Donald Johnson in Hadar, Ethiopia. She's about 3.2 million years old. Lucy was named after a Beatles song that was popular at the time of her discovery. https://australianmuseum.net.au/australopithecus-afarensis

Spliceosomes

1977

Splicing is a process that occurs in DNA. It was first found in the 1970s and helped explain why there were long strons of mRNA around. http://www.cell.com/trends/biochemical-sciences/fulltext/S0968-0004(05)00092-7

Sanger Technique

1977

The Sanger Technique was developed by Frederick Sanger in 1977. The point of this technique was to terminated chains of DNA. This would happen during vitro DNA replication. https://www.google.com/search?q=when+was+The+Sanger+Technique+is+developed&oq=when+was+The+Sanger+Technique+is+developed&aqs=chrome..69i57.8394j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Lee Andrews

Nov 6, 1987

Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted a rapist on November 6th, 1987 by DNA match. The fingerprints at the scene already matched, but the police wanted further evidence. http://articles.latimes.com/1997-03-02/local/me-33996_1_serial-rapist

“Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura” published

1989

The “Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura” was published on September 9th, 1989. In short, the articles were about reproductive isolation. Dodd and the other scientists wanted to know what caused this. The experiment was conducted using eight lines of Drosophila pseudoobscura, which are flies. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02577.x/abstract

Innocence Project

1992

The Innocence Project is a foundation created by Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck to help those who are wrongly accused. The foundation uses the DNA of the convicted to clear their name. https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/

CRISPr and Cas9

1993

Francisco Mojica first came across CRISPr in 1993. He did research on in until May, 2005. This sequence codes for an adaptive immune system. Cas9 is a large protein that has nuclease activity. https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/crispr-timeline

Dolly the Sheep

Jul 5, 1996

Dolly the Sheep was born on July 5th, 1996 and died on February 14th, 2003. She was the first cloned mammal. https://www.google.com/search?q=when+was+dolly+the+sheep+cloned&oq=when+was+dolly+the+sheep+cloned&aqs=chrome..69i57.3468j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

2002

The Sahelanthropus tchadensis was discovered by a team led by Michel Brunet between July, 2001, and March, 2002. This species was names in 2002. The S. tchadensis is said to be the oldest known human ancestor and is dated to be between six and seven million years old. The fossils have been found from Toros-Menalla in the Djurab desert of Chad, Africa. https://australianmuseum.net.au/sahelanthropus-tchadensis

Human Genome

Apr 14, 2003

The Human Genome was fully sequenced on April 14th, 2003, by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. The genome is now public and can be seen by anyone. In fact, updates are added every twenty-four hours. The genome is the complete set of our (specifically though, it is unknown who has been genomed) DNA. https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/

Homo denisova

2008

A small finger bone fossil was found in 2008. This fossil did not appear out of the ordinary, but when a DNA test was ran on it, it turns out that fossil was actually veyr out of the ordinary. This small fossil, names the Homo densova, was a new type of fossil since it did not belong to a Neandertal or modern human. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/denisova.html