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Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus was trying to understand god by looking at his creations. He first started with plant and gave them names and put them under different classification. This was later known as taxonomy. He then wrote a book called Species Plantarum which displayed his work of classifying vegetation according to genera. -
Lamarck
Lamarck believed that animals could pass on features gain thought its life time. The way he tried to prove this was by looking at giraffes. He thought that during the giraffe's life its neck stretched and then the giraffe could pass that to its offspring. He work was later discovered to be somewhat true and created epigenetics. -
Cuvier
Cuvier did two things that helped evolution. The first was that he added to the system of taxonomy to now include fossils. He also came up with the theory of catastrophism. It is important to evolution because it gave scientists a basis to work on. -
Hutton
Hutton came up with a theory that the interior of the earth was very hot and that the processes that changed the earth long ago were the same as todays processes. He then wrote a book about it called The Theory of the Earth. In that book he applied the same thinking to today’s organisms. This later help Darwin with his theory of evolution. -
Lyell
Lyell was a geologist that looked at Hutton's work. He modified it so it was a few drastic changes, a series of gradual changes over a long period of time. Darwin used his work in his theory of evolution by take the idea of gradual change over time. -
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was the father of genetics. His contribution to biology was the idea of dominant and recessive genes. When he observed pea plants. He notices that when he cross breed a smooth plant with a wrinkled plant that one of the plants traits were dominant in the offspring and another was recessive. In other word the plants offspring were more smooth than wrinkled this means that Mendel could put numbers to correspond with traits. -
Darwin
Darwin was able to come up with his theories by using the work of other scientist as well as his own ideas. He came up with some of his theories by going to different islands and noticing how similar some of the birds are and how they were most suitable to that specific location. Darwin theories were evolution, common descent, species multiply, Gradualism, and natural selection. -
Plasmid Based Transformation
Plasmid based transformation is the changing to the cell through the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material. It is important to study because it can help scientist learn how to fight diseases better. One way we can manipulate it is by using selectable markers to mark the cells that have to be killed. -
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis modifies the DNA by separating it by size. It is important to the study of the DNA because it allows for the analysis of the PCR products. Nucleic acid molecules are separated by using an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through a matrix of agarose or other substances. -
Avery- MacLeod- McCarty
They found out that the hereditary material was DNA. The way they found that out is by using mice. They used DNase to break down the genetic material of the DNA in the mice and they thought that it should live if they do that and it did. Then previously they did a similar experiment but it was if protein and it failed so the hereditary material had to be DNA. -
Wilkins
He help with the discovery of DNA. He made images of DNA through the use of X-rays. He also found out that DNA is in every living organism. -
Restriction Enzyme Analysis ( of DNA)
Restriction enzyme analysis (of DNA) modifies the DNA by cutting it at the restriction site. It is important to the study of the DNA because it grants scientist to come up with some ways to defend against viruses. Scientist can manipulate it by using restriction enzymes to recognize a specific sequence of nucleotides and produce a double-stranded cut in the DNA. -
Hershey-Chase
Hershey-Chase wanted to know what was responsible for entering bacterial cells and directs the assembly of new viruses. They tested DNA and protein. They found out that DNA was the one that was responsible. -
Watson and Crick
They found out the structure of DNA as a double helix. They also found out that DNA is the code for life. There work paved the way for the studies like molecular biology and molecular genetics. -
Franklin
She was also a person that discovered the structure of DNA. It is a double helix. Franklin was the one who took the actual picture of the DNA. Then it was later used by Watson and Crick, who got most of the credit for discovering the structure of DNA. -
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the addition of a new DNA to an organism. It is important to the study of the DNA because it lets scientist to see how the addition of traits can improve or harm an organism. We can manipulate it by isolating the genome and then inserting it into an organism. -
GMO
An example of GMO is the GloFish. It modifies the DNA by changing the sequence of the gene in the DNA. It is important to our study of the DNA because it allows scientist to see how the changing of the DNA can affect an organism. Scientists can manipulate it by combining the nucleic acid sequences to make different strands of DNA. -
Pharmaceuticals (Insulin)
Pharmaceuticals combines DNA together to make a sequence of DNA the in not normally found in nature. It is important to study because it grants scientist to make thing that humans need like insulin through the use of DNA. It can be manipulated by using recombinant DNA to modify a bacterium to produce insulin. -
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic animals occurs when an animal goes through a process called transgenesis, which is when an organism gets a transgene. It is important to study because it lets scientist transfer preferable traits to offspring. One of the ways that scientists can manipulate it is by the use of liposomes. -
Stem Cells
Stem cells are blank cells that could be give a code of DNA to do a specific job. It is important to study because the possibility to use DNA to help heal humans. We can manipulate it by taking the stem calls from fetuses and inserting DNA into them. -
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase chain reaction modifies the DNA by making millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. It is important to the study of DNA because it allow for scientist to preform multiple test on the same DNA sequence. Scientist can manipulate it through the repetition of three steps denaturation, annealing, and extension. -
human genome project
The human genome project does not modify the DNA. It is the mapping and identification of the human genome. It is important to the study of the DNA because it allows scientist to understand the DNA sequence in human. Which also allows scientist to understand how evolution works. Scientists can manipulate it by use genome sequencing which is the using of enzymes and computers to identify the particular genome. -
Cloning
Cloning is the result of making an identical copy of the DNA in an organism. It is important to study because it will allow scientist to be able to solve world problems like animals going extinct through the use of the DNA. Scientist can manipulate it by a process called Somatic cell nuclear transfer to create animals that are genetically identical.
