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Land Act of 1913
Setup the grounds on which the homeland system would be founded upon later on to form the "greater apartheid" -
Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress
Nelson Mandela’s commitment to politics and the ANC grew stronger after the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party, which introduced a formal system of racial classification and segregation—apartheid—that restricted nonwhites’ basic rights and barred them from government while maintaining white minority rule. -
Period: to
Group Areas Act '50s & '60s
mandated residential segregation throughout the country. More than 860,000 people were forced to move in order to divide and control racially-separate communities at a time of growing organized resistance to apartheid in urban areas; the removals also worked to the economic detriment of Indian shop owners. -
Pass Laws: Reference Book
In 1952, the government enacted an even more rigid law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history. -
1952 - '54 Defiance Campaign
Protest against these humiliating laws fueled the anti-apartheid struggle—from the Defiance Campaign (1952–1954) -
Pretoria Women's Protest
Massive women's protest also fueled by the humiliating pass laws. -
Bantu Self-Government Act
Bantustans were created by the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959, which abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” -
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Grand Apartheid Homelands '60s & '70s
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Sharpville Massacre
March 21, 1960 in Sharpeville, by Johannesburg. PAC led campaign of blacks to surrender themselves for arrest and led to small clashes and then the police firing, killing and wounding many. (Estimated 69 protestors killed) -
'70s and '80s Pass Law Arrests
In the 1970s and 1980s, many Africans found in violation of past laws were stripped of citizenship and deported to poverty-stricken rural “homelands.” By the time the increasingly expensive and ineffective pass laws were repealed in 1986, they had led to more than 17 million arrests. -
Pass Laws Repealed
