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★ War of Independence
War opposing the 13 Colonies against Britain. Resulted in the independence of the 13 Colonies. -
★ Resolution on public lands
Made western lands part of the public domain -
★ Proclamation Line
The British established the Proclamation Line to protect the Indians from the American people. The Americans were not supposed to settle beyond that line. -
★ Treaty of Paris
End of the War of Independence -
★ Land Ordinance
Set of rules to administer the distribution of lands in the Northwest territory. -
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■ Northwest Indian War
US army versus Native Confederacy
Battle of the Fallen Timber (1792)
Treaty of Greenville (1795) -
★ Northwest Ordinance
This Ordinance is the law and regulation of the Survey System -
★ George Washington elected 1st President of the US
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■ St. Clair's defeat
Major Indian victory war (Northwest Indian War) -
■ Battle of Fallen Timbers
Major Indian defeat (Northwest Indian War) -
■ Treaty of Greenville
The Treaty of Greenville marked the end of the Northwest Indian War, set the Greenville treaty line after, marking the border between Indian lands and white settlers (those borders were not respected by the Americans) -
★ John Adams 2nd President of the US
Became President after George Washington's retirement. He was his vice-president. President from 1797 to 1801 -
★ Thomas Jefferson elected 3rd President of the US
President from 1801 to 1809. -
★ The Louisiana Purchase
Benjamin Franklin buys Louisiana from the French for 15M$ -
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★ The Lewis & Clark Expedition
Expedition made to explore the Louisiana territory but also for economic motives. Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. -
● The Fur Company created
Founded by an immigrant named John Jacob Astor in the Great Lake region. One of the largest and wealthiest business in the country -
★ James Madison 4th President of the US
President from 1809 to 1817 -
● The Pacific Fur company created
Created by John Jacob Astor. Fur trading town of Astoria created in Oregon -
★ James Monroe 5th President of the US
President from 1817 to 1825 -
● Treaty of Joint Occupation
Both American and British settlers signed this treaty, also known as Convention of 1818. Britain has the control over interior lands and the US over coastal lands -
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● Oregon Dispute
Britain and the US argue about who discovered Oregon first.
For the British : James Cook (late 1770s), George Vancouver, Alexander Mackenzie (1793), Simon Fraser (1807), David Thompson (1811)
For hte Americans : Robert Gray and Benjamin Kendrick (1781) -
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■ Indian Removal
Indian tribes are deported west of the Mississippi River. -
▲ Republic of Mexico
Was created in 1821 after the rebellion, Texas territory no longer under Spanish authority. -
♠ 1st Mass migration in Texas
Steven Austin (An empresario) was the leader of the migration. He had to bring american people in the territory to increase the population and develop the territory. By 1830 the population increased by 20000 american in the territory. -
■ Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
All the matters concerning the Indians were handle by the BIA. Was created to centralise the Indian power. -
★ John Quincy Adams 6th President of the US
President from 1825 to 1829 -
★ Andrew Jackson 7th President of the US
President from 1829 to 1837 -
■ Indian Removal Act
Introduced by Andrew Jackson in the Congress. Indians had to move on west of the Mississippi river. -
♠ Ban on American immigration in Texas
By 1830 Texas was outnumbered by americans. They had to pay back their taxes from 1824 to 1830. They started to rebel, asked to lower the taxes and for separated statehood. Texas was americanized -
■ The Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
In 1829 gold was found on Cherokee land and states authorities ordered Indian land to be seized. Cherokees resisted by going to the Supreme Court. They couldn't be heard as they are not American citizen but the Supreme Court declared that the state couldn't force the Cherokee to leave their land. -
■ Worcester v. Georgia
Worcester was a missionary who accepted to represent the Cherokee during this trial. The Supreme Court once again affirmed that Georgia couldn't force the Cherokees to leave their land. However, Georgia didn't comply. -
▲ Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna new Leader of Mexico
He increased the mexican troops in Texas because of the threat of rebellion (Americans) -
■ Treaty of New Echota
This treaty set the removal of the Indians from their lands in Georgia. -
▲ The Battle of Alamo
Famous battle. Jim Bowie and David Crockett died with all the others in the military garrison of Alamo -
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♠ Texas Independence
After the battle of San Jancito, Santa anna had to recognized Texas's independence in 1836. It remained as an independent state until 1845.the Republic of Texas had Sam Huston as its president and had his own flag, "The lone star flag" -
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■ The Trail of Tears
The Cherokees are force to move west of the Mississippi River. Led to many deaths. -
★ John Tyler 10th President of the US
President from 1841 to 1845 -
● 1st Mass Emigration to Oregon
This emigration was led by Lansford Hastings leader. A hundred people emigrated to Oregon during this emigration.
1844 Census of Oregon said 6000 American people living here -
★ James K. Polk 11th President fo the US
President from 1845 to 1849 -
♠ Annexation of Texas
Texas was annexed under John Tyler but entered the US under James K. Polk term. -
● 1846 Oregon Treaty
Britain gives up on Oregon -
♦ Bear Flag Revolt
Revolt organised by John C.Frémont, mountain men and American landowners in California -
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▲ Mexican War
Origin of the war: The boundaries of Texas had not been decided by both countries. Mexico wanted the border to be the Nueces River and the US considered the Rio Grande as the border of Texas.
Fall of Mexico city on September 1948 under the General Winfield Scott's troops.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago signed on 2nd of September 1848 which fixes the Rio Grande as the border and Mexico cessions Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming and parts of Nex Mexico and Colorado. -
▲ Battle of Buena Vista
The Mexicans are defeated by the American army and Santa Anna is defeated. -
● Oregon State
In 1848 Oregon became a US territory -
♦ Sutter's Mill
First gold nugget found by one of the employees in Sutter's Mill. -
▲ The Fall of Mexico City
Us army and marines raised the American flag on the national palace and the negociations for peace started outside of the city, in Guadalupe-Hildago. -
♦ California Gold Rush
Polk made an official statement to announce that there was indeed gold in California. Led to mass immigration of people in hope of finding gold and make a fortune.
When you find gold, you could make a Lode claim ( If you found the gold in stones) or a Placer claim (if you found it in a river) and claim the land as yours. Resulted in many fights among the miners. -
★ Zachary Taylor 12th President of the US
President from 1849 to 1850 (death) -
♦ California State
California becomes an American state. Special because didn't have to go through the territorial stage. -
■ Act for the Government and Protection of Indians
California allowed whites to consider Indians as vagrant and turn them into indentured servants, children included (many kidnappings). Was repealed in 1863. -
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♦ The California Trail
There were 3 ways to go to California:
- By land, they could go through the Oregon Trail then go south, on the California Trail. Took 6 to 7 months.
- They could use the Panama Shortcut : took a boat to Panama then another one to California. Was shorter than the land trail.
- They could go around Cape Horn : It was actually the safest way becasue there was not tropical diseases but it was very expensive. Took 6 to 7 months. -
■ Indian Appropriation Act
This act appropriated funds to move western tribes onto reservations (especially Plains Indians as they were nomadics) -
■ Treaty of Fort Laramie
Involved chiefs of various tribes of Plains Indians. The government guaranteed to give lands on the plains to each tribes, to protect them from white intrusion and to give them supplies for the next 50 years. -
■ Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Indian territory was reduced in size when Kansas and Nebraska opened their borders to white settlement -
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♦ ★ Other Rushes in the US
Happened in Colorado, Nevada (Silver), Arizona,
Northwest : Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana -
● Oregon State, 33rd state of the US
Oregon becomes an American State -
★ Homestead Act
The homestead was an area of public land in the West acres or 65 granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land. The occupant had to reside on the land for five years, and show evidence of having made improvements -
■ Sand Creek Massacre
Cheyenne tribes were organazing raids on ranches nearby and as retailation the US Army officer John M. Chivington decided to attack them and killed almost every raid troopers. (Chief Black Kettle eventually signed the Medecine Lodge treaty) -
■ Navajo "Long Walk"
Navajo tribes were defeated by the army in the war and had to leave Arizona for a reservation in Mexico. They were sent in military reservation and kept prisoners of war. -
★ 13th Amendment of the US Constitution
This amendement put an end to slavery and forced indentured work for black people -
★ 14th Amendment of the US Constitution
This amendment gives the right to vote to black people in the US -
■ Medecine Lodge Treaty
Treaty signed between the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the southern Plains Indian tribes in order to set them into reservations and stop their nomadic lifestyle. In exchange, the government will build schools and will help them in their transition -
■ Treaty of Fort Laramie
Treaty signed between the Sioux and the government to allow the creation of the Great Sioux Territory (Black Hills were a part of it). It was signed by Chief Red Cloud and William Tecumseh Sherman. In exchange, the Sioux would have to stop attacking gold prospectors on the Bozeman Trail. -
■ Battle of Wishita River
During the winter of 1868, some of the Cheyenne from Sand Creek Massacre who manage to escape took refuge in the Wishita River and were all killed there by the US Army (General George Armstrong Custer) -
★ 15th Amendment of the US consitution
The 15th Amendment gave citizenship for black people in the US -
■ Amendment to Indian Approriation Act
This act causes the end of the "dependent domestic nation" status and treaty-signing principle. -
■ Battle of Little Big Horn
The battle was a consequence of gold prospectors who kept coming to the Black Hills even though it was part of the Sioux reservation. Harsh defeat for US army and General Custer was killed -
■ Dawes Act
Divided reservations into allotement for each indian head of family and the tribal government was brought to an end. The remaining lands were auctioned off to white settlers. (2/3 of indian territories lost) -
■ Wounded Knee Massacre
Sioux were still doing the Ghost Dance (on reservations) despite being illegal and when the white people learnt they were still doing it, they killed them.
