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FLYING SHUTTLE
It was invented by John Kay and enabled hand weavers to produce cloth more quickly. -
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FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Technological process that bagan in Great Britain, technoligical advances led to dramatic economic changes. Agriculture become less important than industry and industrial capitalism emerged. -
SPINNING JENNY
It was invented by James Hargraves produced various threads at the same time. -
WATER FRAME
It was invented by Richard Arkwright, and like the Spinning Jenny, it produced various threads at the same time. -
INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE
It was invented by James Watt and it used coal as fuel. Steam power bacame the source of energy that drove the new machines. It was very important during industrial revolution. -
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AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution based on the principles of the American Enlightenment. The colonies if North America wanted their independence from great Britain and their started a war. George Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of the rebel forces that fought the British. -
U.S. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The American colonists proclaimed the Declaration of the Independence of the Unites States of America after the war. Great Britain finally reconished the independence of the new nation in 1783. -
SPINNING MULE
It was invented by Samuel Crompton and produced a very fine and resistany thread. -
POWER WEAVING LOOM
It was invented by Edmun Cartwright and it was a steam-powered weaving machine that produced fabric from cotton thread. -
ADOPTION OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
This constitution established a federal republic based on popular sovereignty and the separation of powers. It also reconised the legal equality of all citizens, although in most states suffrage was limited. -
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REIGN OF CHARLES IV
The Spain inherited by Charles IV gave few indications of instability,[1] but during his reign, Spain entered a series of disadvantageous alliances and his regime constantly sought cash to deal with the exigencies of war. -
CONVOCATION OF THE ESTATES-GENERAL
Louis XVI, king of France, decided to call together the States General in order to increase taxes. It also marked the start of the French Revolution. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
The protestants attacked the Bastille, a famous political prison and they destroyed it completely. -
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NATIONAL AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY:
At the meeting of Estates General Third State proposed a new voting system. When king refused, the members of Third State formed a National Assembly and demanded a constitution.
It started the 6/17/1789 and ended the 7/9/1789. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY:
The king finally agreed to the Third Estate´s demands and a new Constituent Assembly was elected to write a constitution. The protestants estarted to riot in the streets of Paris.
It started the 7/9/1789 and ended the 9/30/1791. -
ADOPTION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
In reaction to the the protests, the Constituent Assembly implemented legal reforms, such us the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. It stated that all men are born free and equal in their rights. -
ADOPTION OF THE FIRST FRENCH CONSTITUTION
The Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution after they implemented some legal reforms, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. -
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LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
A new Legislative Assambly was elected. It was dominated by two groups, the Jacobins and the Girodins. Louis oposed the assembly and asked Australia for sopport. In response the asssembly abolished the monarchy and established France as a republic. -
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CONVENTION
A new assembly was elected. -
EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
Louis XVI was accused of treason after the election of the Convention and he was executed. -
TREATY OF BASEL
In 1793 Spain joined the first coalition against France as a resoult of Louis XVI´s execution. However, France defeated the coalition and Spain signed the Peace of Basel with France and left the coalition. -
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DIRECTORY
France`s moderate middle class had gained control of the country, and they established the Directory, a more conservaivo goverment wich was composed of five members. -
NAPOLEON'S COUP D'ÉTAT
There was a military coup and General Napoleon Bonaparte established a new form of government called the Consulate. This was a group of three leaders wich included Npoleon himself as First Consul. -
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CONSULATE
General Napoleon Bonaparte established a new form of government called the Consulate. This was a group of three leaders wich included Npoleon himself as First Consul. -
TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO
Spain promised to help France in the invasion of Great Britain. Howerver, the French and Spanish feets were defeated by the British in the Battle of Trafalgar. This marked the end of Spanish naval power. -
ADOPTION OF THE NAPOLEONIC CIVIL CODE
Napoleon´s policy achievents as emperor included the Civil Code, a set of laws that aplied equaly to all citizens. It aplied new legal concepts such as civil marriage, divorce, adoption and public education. -
INVENTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
It was invented by Richard Trevithick and it was one of the inventions that mada it possible to move large quantities of products more quickly. -
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EMPIRE
Napoleon increased his poer and was named First Consul for life in 1802. He then declared himself as Emperor of France in 1804. He defeated all countres that were allied against France except for Great Britain. -
BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR
The Battle of Trafalgar is one of the most famous battles in British naval history. The battle was fought between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of France and Spain. The battle also shattered Napoleon's plans to invade England. -
BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ
The Battle of Austerlitz also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the important and decisive military engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. It forced Austria to make peace with France and keeping Prussia temporarily out of the anti-French alliance. -
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTINENTAL BLOCKADE
Napoleon decreed, from his Palace in Berlin, a blockade of the British Isles and forbade all British goods and commerce entering the continent. This came to be known as the 'continental' blockade since de facto most of the European continent was under French influence. -
LAUNCH OF THE FIRST STEAMSHIP
Robert Fulton's Clermont was the first Passenger Steam-boat in the world. The Clermont inaugurated the first profitable venture in steam navigation, carrying paying passengers between Albany and New York City. It averaged close to about 8 km per hour for the 240 km up the Hudson River to Albany, New York. -
REVOLT OF ARANJUEZ
Godoy tried to move the Spanish royal family to Sevilla in order to protect them from French troops. This caused the revolt that forced Carlos IV to dimiss Godoy and abdicate in favour of his son, Fernando VII. -
ABDICATIONS OF BAYONNE
The Abdications of Bayonne took place on 7 May 1808 in the castle of Marracq in Bayonne when the French emperor Napoleon I forced two Spanish kings—Charles IV and his son, Ferdinand VII—to renounce the throne in his favour. -
UPRISING OF THE PEOPLE OF MADRID
The people of Madrid rose up against the French occupation but they to overthrow the French. Despite their defeat, other parts of Spain were encouraged by their actions and the Spanish War of Independence began. -
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WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal were allied against the First French Empire, whose intention was to install Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne after the Bayonne abdications. -
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REIGN OF JOSEPH I
Napoleon made him king of Spain during his reing. Joseph came under heavy fire from his opponents in Spain,were hi was very unpopular, who tried to smear his reputation by calling him Pepe Botella. After the fall of Napoleon, Joseph styled himself Comte de Survilliers and emigrated to the United States. -
BATTLE OF BAILÉN
The Spanish forces won severa victories, including this, that temporally sttoped the French from reaching Andalucia. -
INDEPENDENCE OF COLOMBIA
Colombia's Declaration of Independence occurred when the Junta de Santa Fe was formed in Santa Fe de Bogotá, the capital of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, to govern the territory autonomously from Spain. -
CONVOCATION OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ
The Central Council took refuge in Cádiz from the advancing French troops. In 1810 it was replaced by the Regency Council, wich called the Cádiz Cortes. It was the first unified cortes that each diputy or representative had an individual vote. -
APPEARANCE OF THE LUDDITES
t started in the village of Bulwell. For three months, the Luddites marched and destroyed machines at night. The workers proteste lije that because they felt that they were being replaced by them. -
FIRST COMMERCIAL TRAIN
The first commercially successful steam locomotive was the twin cylinder Salamanca, built by John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray. -
APPROVAL OF "LA PEPA"
The Cádiz Cortes approved Spain´s first constitution, that was called constitución de la Pepa. It was a victory for Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality. -
TREATY OF VALLENÇAY
Napoleon signed the treaty because of the Anglo-Spanish and Portuguesse toops victories that forced the French to withdraw from Spain. As a resoult Fernando VII returned to the throne. -
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ABSOLUTIST SEXENIO
The absolutism sexenio meant the the return of absolutism and the restoration of the Ancien Regime. The objective of Ferdinand VII, then called El Deseado, had been achieved. -
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VIENNA CONGRESS
The leaders of various European states met at the Congress of Vienna, to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. -
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
The Battle of Waterloo was fought between Napoleon's French Army and a coalition led by the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Blücher. Napoleon was finally defeated and the victorious powers re-established the Ancien Régime, although this only lasted for a short period of time. -
CREATION OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE
The Holly Alliance, formed by Russia, Austria and Prussia, was one of the two alliances that were formed to enforce the agreements of the Congress of Vienna, and also to support Europe´s restored monarch in the case of a revolution. -
INDEPENDENCE OF ARGENTINA
Con el establecimiento de las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, Argentina logró su independencia de España, pero sus límites no se fijaron hasta principios del siglo XX. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
The Act of Independence is signed, a document through which Chile solemnly declares its independence from the Spanish monarchy. -
FIRST LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
In Portugal and Spain the Liberal revolutions aimed to establish constitutional monarchies. Grece gained its independence from the Turkish Ottoman Empire through a liberal and nationalist revolution. -
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TRIENIO LIBERAL
The Trienio Liberal is a thematic portal about the liberal government of 1820-1823 in Spain, in the historical context of the first Spanish liberalism, the reign of Ferdinand VII, the drive for political and social reforms and the reactionary and illiberal opposition. -
INDEPENDENCE OF PERU
The Peruvian War of Independence was a series of military conflicts in Peru that resulted in the country's independence from Spain. José de San Martín, enunciated the famous Independence of Peru proclamation in 1821. -
INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO
The Independence of Mexico culminated, after an eleven-year war that was a great popular revolution to free itself from Spanish rule. -
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OMINOUS DECADE
Second restoration of absolutism to the period of contemporary history of Spain that corresponds to the last phase of the reign of Ferdinand VII of Spain, after the Liberal Triennium, in which the Constitution of Cádiz promulgated in 1812 governed. -
SECOND LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
In Frence a liberal revolution established constitutional monarchy. Following the nationalist revolution, Belgium gained independence from the Nethelands, to which it had been united by the Congress of Vienna. -
CREATION OF THE FIRST TRADE UNIONS
These were associations of worker in the same industry, wich offered mutual assistance in the case of injurie or accident and demanded better working conditions. -
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
It was procamed at the end of the reing of Fernando VII. This replaced Salic law, and meant that after his death, his daughter Isabel became queen. This angered Carlos, the brother of Fernando and became source of conflict -
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REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
Queen Isabel II was a minor so he mothe, Maria Christina Bourbon bacame the regent of Spain. The main event in Maria Christina's regency was the outbreak of the First Carlist War. -
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FIRST CARLIST WAR
It was a civil war in Spain, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy: The Carlists and the Isabelinos. -
EXPROPRIATION OF MENDIZÁBAL
Durin the reing of Isabel II, expropirations were carried out by Progressive ministers, such as Mendizabal. A decree instigated by Spanish economist and politician Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, which resulted in the expropriation of Spanish monastic properties, came into force on 19 February 1836. -
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CHARTIST MOVEMENT
It is a political movement that appeared in Great Britain, it demainded universal manhood suffrage and salaries for the members of parliament and its main goal was the participation of the low class in parliament. -
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REGENCY OF ESPARTERO
After Maria ChristIna, General Esparterro was the regent. He was progresiv, and during this period, the monarchy changed from absolutist to liberal. -
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EFFECTIVE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II
She reached the age of majority with 13 years old and her reing is caracterised for the alternation of power between teh Moderates and Progresives, the social instability and the expropripations that aimed to solve Spain´s economic problems. -
DRAFTING OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
In 1847 Friedrich Engels, lifelong friend and collaborator of Karl Marx, was commissioned to write a catechism for the Communist League. The draft, which expressed the outlook developed by Marx and Engels, was not published. A second draft written soon after entitled "The Principles of Communism" also remained unpublished.Karl Marx would use the drafts as the basis for writing "The Communist Manifesto" in 1848. -
THIRD LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
In Austria and German Confederation radical revolutions demanded democrtic reforms but most of them failed. In France the revolution led to the proclamation of the Second Republic and the establishment of universal manhood suffrage. -
EXPROPRIATION OF MADOZ
Durin the reing of Isabel II, expropirations were carried out by Progressive ministers, such as Madoz. Madoz carried out a new confiscation, which was executed with greater control than Mendizábal's. It included the lands and censuses of the state; of the clergy; of the military orders of Santiago, Alcántara, Montesa... -
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ITALIAN UNIFICATION
It was started by king Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia and his prime minister Cavour, with the unification of Piedmont-Sardinia. Unifyed Italy became a constitutional monarchy with Victor Emmanuel II as its king. The unification process ended when Rome bacame the capital city of the new state. -
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FIRST INTERNATIONAL
Also know as Internationa Workingmen´s Association (IWA). It included working-class organisatins and advocates for revolutionary ideologies from various countries. Its objective was to coordinate workers´ action all over the world. -
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GERMAN UNIFICATION
Bismarck, the Prussian chancellor, began the German unification. He establshed the Second Reich, or German Empire, with Wilhem I as its kaiser. -
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PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (SERRANO)
General Serrano, regent, and General Prim, the head of the goverment, looked for a new king for Spain who was not a Bourbon. They also called the Constituent Cortes in order to write a constitution. -
CONSTITUTION OF 1869
It was the 19 th century Spain´s most democratic constitution. It introducedd universal monhood suffrage, freedom of religion and guaranteed a range of other rights and freedoms. It also stablished a constitutional monarchy. -
TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU
It allowed French troops to cross Spain in order to occupy Portugal, but Napoleon took advantage of the treaty to occupy part of Spain too. -
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REIGN OF AMADEUS OF SAVOY
Amadeo of Savoy was the son of the Italian king and was named king Amadeo I of Spain. During his reing the third Carlist war started because the provisional goverment had not chosen Carlos VII as king. Amadeo abdicated because he faced opposition from Republicans and the supporters of the son of Isabel II, Alfonso. -
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SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Second Industrial Revolution, also know as the Technological Revolution was characterized by fast industrialisation due mainly to the increase in the financial sector in industry and the rise of finance capitalism. -
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FIRST REPUBLIC
When Amadeo abdicated the Cortes proclaimed Spain a republic. This was the first time that Spain was not ruled by a monarch. The first republiic faced many problems. It lasted only one year and there were 4 different presidents. -
FOUNDATION OF THE PSOE
The Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), or Socialist party followed Marxism and used strikes and political means to achiev their objetives. -
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL
It called for an eight-hour working day and established 1 May as an international dat of protest for workers´ rights. Unlike the first international, it only included socialist parties and the trade unions and anarchists were not members. -
FOUNDATION OF THE CNT
The anarchist who were oposed to the use of violence established the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), a syndicate wich was made up of all the anarcho-syndicats federations. The CNT became the biggest and stronges trade union in Spain. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers. It was signed in the Palace of Versailles.