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The Duplessis Era
Duplessis was the leader of the Union Nationale and became Premier of Quebec in 1944. Because of his conservative policies, the Duplessis era is often called the "Great Darkness." During this era, federal economics changed significantly, leading to the Quiet Revolution, which changed Quebec. (Class Slides, p. 7-14) -
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Baby Boom
- The baby boom was most likely caused by economic stability, cultural emphasis on family, and improved healthcare.
- During the baby boom, there was a high population growth due to a high rate of natural increase and a low infant mortality rate
- This led to increased demand for housing, education, and jobs (Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23)
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Refus Global Manifesto Published
-During the Duplessis era, the most reluctant to Duplessis were the intellectuals and artists
-The intellectuals and artists wanted to modernize secularism. 15 artists signed a Manifesto called the refuse global to limit the power of the church over society.
-Young intellectuals like Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Gerard Pelletier published a magazine, Cité libre, about individual freedoms
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Asbestos Strike
- Asbestos miners demanded better wages, improved working conditions, and safer environments due to asbestos-related health risks.
- This then led to a violent and brutal fight between the police and strikers.
- This marked a turning point in Quebec’s labor movement and led to the Quiet Revolution. (Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23)
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Indian Act
-Assimilation was still the main policy in Canada
- Although the indian act was put in place, which allowed indigenous children to attend local schools
Residential schools were still around, but much too expensive. Except for in Quebec, where they were in close ties with the church.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Arrival of Television in Québec
- Television arrived in Québec in 1952, revolutionizing entertainment, culture, and communication.
- This exposed Quebec to that American culture (Americanism) -This rapidly became a central part of Québec households, influencing language and a new identity (Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23)
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RICHARD RIOT
- The Richard Riot happened on March 17, 1955, in Montreal. When Maurice "Rocket" Richard, the hockey star, was suspended
- He was suspended for punching a ref for holding him back.
- This showcased a main event of the francophone standing up against Anglophones, creating tension. (Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23)
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The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution was a time of big change in Quebec in the 1960s. The government took more control, the Church lost power, and schools and healthcare were improved. People started being more proud of their Quebec identity, leading to talk about the separation of Quebec from Canada
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Nationalization of Electricity (Hydro-Québec Expands)
-In 1962, Quebec's government took control of private electric companies to create a single crown corporation (Hydro-Québec)
-This was led by Premier Jean Lesage, and the slogan for this was “Maîtres chez nous.”
-This all made Hydro-Québec a symbol of Quebec's pride.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Parent commission
-During the 1963 parent commission, the parents were requesting that major reforms create a higher-quality public education system.
-This then led to the creation of the Department of Education in 1964
-In 1965, comprehensive high schools and vocational programs were created
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Bill 16 – Married Women Gain Legal Independence Led by Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain
-Bill 16 was passed in 1964, giving married women in Quebec legal independence.
-This was led by Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain
-It ended the requirement for a husband’s permission for financial and legal decisions. Marking a major step toward gender equality in Quebec.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Birth Rate Drops in Québec
-In 1965, birth rates dropped due to birth control and abortions. They also dropped because fewer women wanted larger families, and they wanted to work
-The Catholic Church also lost its power, which means it had less of an influence on big families
-This caused a worry for the Quebec population in the future and for the Future of Quebec's identity
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
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Daniel Johnson Sr.
Daniel Johnson was the leader of the Union National Party, and he then became Premier in 1966. He created Cegeps in 1967 and the University of Quebec Network in 1968. He also included family allowance and a law allowing indigenous people the right to vote in 1969.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Expo 67 – Showcasing Québec’s Identity to the World
Expo 67 was a worldwide event that highlighted Quebec's modernization and identity.
It was one of the many things that strengthened Quebec's identity and fueled discussions about nationalization and Independence
On the same day as Expo 67, there was also the opening of the Montreal Metro system, cultural Variety in art, music, writing, and the opening of Place des Arts.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Passage of Bill 63 – Language Rights Debate
-Bill 63 was passed in 1969 to address language tension in Quebec.
-It allowed parents to choose whether their kid attended French or English schools it aim to promote French Learning Without Force.
-Although this was criticized by Quebec nationalists, claiming that they were not protecting the French language enough, this led to further debates on language laws
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
October Crisis – FLQ Kidnappings & War Measures Act
-Since the mid-1960s, the FLQ Targeted symbols of British colonialism and Anglophone power
-They would bomb Westmount mailboxes and the Montreal sock Exchange.
-In October 1970, the FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and liberal Minister Pierre LaPorte
-The War Measures Act invoked military measures, calling out some of the FLQ were arrested, and others given a safe conduct to Cuba in exchange for the release of James Cross.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Québec’s Medicare System (Health Insurance Act)
-In 1970, the health insurance Act was passed. in 1974, the community clinics opened, which allowed people to have health care without needing to pay for it.
-People were given a Medicare card, which stated that they had health insurance.
-This marked the major step in Quebec social reforms during the Quiet Revolution
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
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Political & Social Changes (1970-1980)
The 1970 saw a rise in Quebec's nationalism and debates over Independence. the October crisis led to the use of War measures act after the flq kidnapped government officials. Bill 101 was made to protect the official language of Quebec strengthening language laws. In the 1980s a referendum on sovereignty was made by Benny Levesque to separate from Canada. Quebec stayed with Canada and social programs expanded and Quebec continued modernizing it's economy
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
First Oil Crisis Begins
-In 1973, the Israel Arab War broke out. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries raised the prices of oil to weaken non-arab countries that supported Israel
-Because of this, the Western economic growth stagnated due to oil shortage and the increasing cost of transportation and goods
-Quebec entered a period of economic instability and inflation, reducing its purchasing power
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Bill 22 – French as Québec’s Official Language
-Premier Robert Barraza introduced Bill 22 in 1974, making French the official language of Quebec. he did this to strengthen the French language
-Although this bill faced criticism from both Anglophones and Quebec nationalists,s this paved the way for a stronger Bill 101 in 1977
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Superfrancofête – Cultural Affirmation in Québec
-Superfrancofête with a major cultural Festival held in 1974.
-They celebrated French language music and identity in Quebec
-This strengthened Quebec's cultural pride and nationalist movement it showing the growing importance of the French language in arts and media
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
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René Lévesque
Rene Levesque was part of the Parti Québécois, which had a victory in 1967, making Rene Levesque premier. He promised to hold a referendum, which was a public yes or no vote on Quebec's independence from Canada. He also put in place Bill 101 in 1977. He passed the Act to govern financing and political parties in 1977, and the Act respecting the preservation of agricultural land in 1978.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Bill 101 – The Charter of the French Language
-Bill 101 was passed to protect and promote the French language
-It requires children of immigrants to attend francophone schools until the end of high school
and imposed French-only commercial and public signs inside and outside
-Although this seemed good for many Quebec nationalists, the consequences meant that many anglos left for Ontario, 90,000 over five years
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land
-The Act respecting the preservation of agricultural land was put in place in 1978 to solve the shortage of good agricultural land due to urban sprawl
-because of the increase in population, the city was growing and expanding on to Prime farmland
-The Act restricted the sale of Farmland to developers by reserving it for farming only
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23) -
Multiculturalism!
-A Multicultural Society was what Canada was viewed as.
-The multiculturalism policy under Trudeau results in the ease of restrictions for immigration.
-Quebec wanted to keep its French language strong, so in 1978, Quebec prioritized French immigrants and accepted many Haitians and Vietnamese refugees. This is because they were colonized by the French, so most of them spoke French, and it would allow come back to keep their French influence.
(Savannah's Notes, Unit 3 test, March 23)