-
imperial writers- G.A. henty novels
promoted empire/ indirectly and directly through adventure novels set in colonial territory -
empire day- lord meath
first celeb 1902 but became official in 1916 -
muslim league
ldr was muhammad ali jinnah, wanted a homeland for muslims- pakistan
divide and rule- brits used this, favoured muslims, claim that necessary brit presence if not all out blood war would ensue -
hind swaraj- home rule for ind
ganhi exprssd in 1909 and kept this through all hisn life -
Period: to
brit trade with emp 1909-13
emp took 35% of brit exports and gave 26.9 of its imports -
british board of film censors 1912
that was made to make sure that all films that were being portrayed about the empire showdd both it and its subject in a positive light. -
india ww1 1.3 mill men fough
lord hardingae- viceroy at time, declare war on behalf of ind,
no conscription for india
mothers were given medals if they had a certain number of sons in the army
india contributed 4X more men than all other doms/ colonies combined -
inds killed in ww1 74,000
-
egyp protectorate
as war strts turn from veiled protectorate to protectorate
1.2 mill egypts recruited to defend egyp and mid east
100,000 egyps fought in eu ww1 and half died.
in EU mostly worked as labourers -
ww1 death toll on dominions
16,000 nzlnds
61,000 canadians,
60,000 australians
and 7000 south afrns -
ppl from colonies fghtn ww1
2.5 mill men from colonies and 5 mill from british isles fought in ww1 -
136,000 white SA troops fought in middle east, west front
general smuts helped lead fight against german colonies in africa, he was a parrt of the winston churchills war cabinet -
ganhi presdn of indian national congress
after he returned to ind
served as a lawyr in SA 20yrs, advocating for more rights -
Imperial pref re-intro by lloyd george
for future imperial self sufficiency -
conscrip in NZLND
initial enthusiasm dropped -
easter uprising dublin 1pril 1916
was put down by brits who had an exorbiant reaction and reprisals, the public did not initially support the I|RA and rebels but following the brit reprisals alot of support was fostered for them. -
conscrp canada
-
Ind gov gave £100mill to eng war effort
edwin montague - secretary of state at time promised self gov to inds -
brit dependency on emp and doms
1/3 of munitions used in fr 1917-18 where canadian,
SA helped with wheat and other goods -
Balfour declaration
foreign sec, arthur balfour sent a letter to rotschild, ldr of jew community decl support for zionist, found a homeland in palestn, not sep jew state tho, do not undermine rights of arabs -
london university's skl of oriental and african studies 1917
taught subjects to be goodd colonial servants created in 1917 -
jew pop in palest 1918
9% pop, 60,000 -
canada protests anti-war 1918
was seen as a pro brit affair and there was protests, esp anti conscription 1918 -
1918 gen elect
sinn fein- irish part of indep won majority seats
made an irish repub in dublin- dali eireann. -
pan afrc congress 1919
took place in france, coincided with the paris peace conf and atermath of ww1
wanted to advocate for self determin
and express the brutal supression and opresn of african peoples under eu colonial rule -
ww1 cost brit £35bn
it was 13x the boer war , brit borrowed 4bill just from USA
pound had to be removed from gold standard
gov debt rose from £700 mill in 1914 to £7.5bn in 1919 because of gov borrowin to pay for war -
rowlatt act 1919
gave the brits the right to arrest and punish anyoone who protested against british rule
let to the amritsar/ jaliwalabah massacre -
gov of india act 1919
limited self gov, sharing pwr viceroy and ind ministers
quell nationalists, step towards dom status, not happy!
introduced dyarchy- dual governance- montagu-chelmsford reforms, certain areas of administration given to inds while others where still under brits
split the legislative cuncil in 2
lowr house- 104 of 144 mbs elected
and uppr house 34 of 60mbs elected -
amritsar massacre apr 1919/jallianwala bagh
mass resistanc end tragic results
office dyer opened fire on a crowd killing- in a closed garden a peaceful gathering of people,
50solds open fire for 10min, cerce 400 deaths brits say but inds say 1000
dyer said to teach moral lesson- killled brits claim that rule over ind was good and moral
inflamed gandhi who took a more proactive role after
made non-coop movement 1922 -
Nehru
joined INC in 1919, disagrd with gandhi on future of ind, wanted an industrial and modern india, but gandhi wanted a rural and agricultural ind
was indias first prime minister in 1947 -
teaching of emp at uni-degrees
at cambridge 1919, by experts in emp, vere hamsworth chair -
sudanese and egyp revolt 1919
against brits
aftr brit exile the nationalist ldr saad zaghlul
women took over fight- husbands weren't allowed
made the wafd party to represent the egyptian indp at paris peace conf
pm of egyp-1st one
800 dead egyps, 1,600 wounded -
irld declare indp & IRA form
seinnfein, republican party declare independence and the ira forms and attacks brit troops and police -
saad zaghlul egyp
was a lwayer who protestd agaisnt brits, who squeezed egp during the war, took famrers to be labourers, prostitution and alcohol, had them fighting the ottomans and nazis, disastrous gallipoli campaign. got nothing for it.
all egpys gathered strikes- paralysed country, transport and students
open fire brits-kill many ppl
next day wife protest of exiled nationalists i.e safia zaghul -
sudan gezira scheme
invstm in the cotton- to increase production, building of a great damn and irrigation project -
non co-op mvmnt
organsd by ganhi after the amritsar massacre
satyagraha- peaceful demonstartions -
black and tans
ex soldiers who were known by the name black and tans because of the uniform they wore, known for thier violent mthds, open fired on a gaelic football match -
returns from overseas investment
rose from £369mill in 1913 to £600mill in 1920 -
cairo conf 1921
1921- Brit meeting, limited Arab represent
allow some freedon and local self gov but british remain control of military and foreign affairs -
Brit acquire palest
imprt strategically, close to IND, near persian gulf and rich oil supply, bbut anxious because the situation was growin tense, arabs want control of their own future -
league of nation mandates
post war treaties, deciding on hot to govern and split the german colonies after the loss of the nazis
-make them politically and economically dvlp
fr and brit had experience
split them in 3 categories, abc, show how close each one is to being able to self govern -
irlnd independence
follwoing the troubles , the IRA, bad, proximity to engl, rest of world watching, also one of engls oldest colonies
formal independence was given in 1931 following the statue of westminister -
egyp formal indpn
but was a client state till 1954
brit troops in egyp till 1936- anglo-egyp treaty -
makmere college
establ in 1922
tecknical skls with just 14 students studying carpentry, mechanics and building expanded to become prime centre of educat in east afr- uganda, offered medicals, nursing, architecture, and offrd post skl certificates, became a ucl affiliate -
anglo-iraqi treaty 1922
faisal I as king confirmed
renowned arab and muslim ldr who was on good terms with the brits
promised full consultation between powers on foreign policy
brit control military bases and has much control on the army -
jomo kenyatta 1922
campaign for afr rights and representation. -
devonshire declaration 1923
stressed that the interest of black africans had to be represented.
was made due to the rising anger of the kikuyu tribe in kenya who were heavily taxed and opressed by the 20-30,000 whitesettlerss who made up most of the legislative council. they taxed them and refused to let them grow commercial products as to limit competition -
wembley exhibition 1924
gov contributed £2.2 mill,
pavillions represnt every country in the empire. bought back spheres and even people attracted many- hwvr not an estimate of how this had to fair with empire because it was just an amusement park. the wembley stadium lasted as a permanent symbol of the legacy of emp.
17 mill ppl visited 1924 and over 9 mill in 1925. -
edward elgar- music composer
made the imperial march and other known empire songs/ sounds
'land of hope and glory' -
imperial always 1924
provided trips to emp, upper middle class could afford this.
allowed people who already had a connection to the emp through their family or friends
may 1920 2 SA's flew from cairo to cape- huge excitement -
colonial office split in 2 in 1925
one was for the dominions and one was for the colonial office -
£10 mill for improv rail and dock faciiltes
in east africa, in 1925 but this was limited bcuz much of these projcts had to be self financing so it led to high taxation . brit it no position to afford expsnv foreign invstmnts- in aftermath of ww2 -
WASU- 1925 west afrc studn union
brought together west afr students studying in lond- inspire greater radicalism, it worked they got the expeditions to close- at least those with the humans- the 1924 wembley empire expedition- £20mill ehbition, boost morale and money after ww1, 24mill visitors, had an afrcn village- press named them as curious and cannibals- sparked outrage -
empire marketing board
leo amery set it up in 1926 to promote knowlege and ppls feeling towards empire. hwvr it was shut down in 1935.
through posters and marketing boards
howvr many where vry random and not explicitly linked to empire and so people were confused. -
white paper 1927
leo amery colonial secretary- argues in favour of trusteeship -
simon commission
no indian represnetation
give more power to the princely states, review innd act
incorp brit rule under federal gov and system with the prncly states -
womens war nigeria 1929
3,000 women protested against the new market tolls, they demanded a return to traditnl values
brit imposed tax on southeastrn nigeria, the price of oil and palm kernels collapsed- fell by 12% that yr alons, then they started counting women for a consensus and then them fearing they too were going to be taxed started protesting -
rule out self gov
ruled out trusteeship for east africa in favour of trusteeship in 1929
the royal comission- under sir endward hilton young -
colonial dvlpmnt act 1929
gave £1mill of treasury funds for dvlpmnt projects across the emp. rlly helped afr colonies.
no where near enough money as was needed and was rather tokonistic -
enquiry for limit jew acquis of land
there was another in 1931 but the huge pro jew feeling in brit and usa forced gov to back down -
unemployment brit wall street crash 1929
about 3mill men or 20% of the work force of brit at time were unemployed- characterised the 1930's economy
already decaying staple treaties like ship-building and repair touched 62% unemployment in 1932 -
rudyard kipling- bro emp writings
his writings included childrens stories of jungle and adventure based on heroic imperial figures
talk and teaching of geo, hstry -
the round table conf
ganhi present for the 2nd not for the first because he was imprisoned due to the salt marches, no agrmnt reached, want to give ind dominion status , they wanted indpndc. -
civil disobed mvmnt
one from 1930-31 and another from 32-24 -
pay for colonial administrators
recruitment generly improv, esp in afr, most came from same private/ good skls
gov of nigeria earn about £8250 per annum where as cadet in kenya gets about £200 per annum -
ministry of info films
49th parallel- a film that encouraged tolerance and acceptance of other cultures -
jew poop 19131
16.9% or 175,000 -
mad dogs and englishmen
was made in 1931 by noel cowards- more mocking of empire -
statue of westminister 1931
dominions became autonomous
gov generals not imperial officials anymore just representatives of the crown. -
bbs 1932 established
helped to promote the emp, first dirctr john reith, took a strong imperial stance covered many pro imprl events like ehibitions , events, public celebrations. -
Iraq indpndc 1932
after 12 yrs of rule, nationalist sought indp, nevr rlyy stable
indp under king faisal I, close econ link with brits
gradual transfer of power- through treaties, done in good time for brits -
EIRE
irlnd- largest party in parliament fianna fail- ldr eamon de valera, no secret wanted all 32 provinces under a unified indpnd irln state.
by 1932 late- trade war with huge duties against goods from the other country imposed. -
christams broadcasts
christmas broadcasts that included but were not limited to the kings speech started in 1932
focused peoples idea and mind on the loyalty and imperial unity of emp
15 min segments/talks from experts on diff parts of emp, so they would be exposed to diff cultures -
ottowa conf 1932
put a 10% tax on all imports except those from crown colonies
made preferential treatment between the doms and brit in their export markets
reinforc immportance of emp in supplying foodstuff and raw materials to brit -
rise in trade with emp 1934-38
exprts to emp 41.3% and imports 41.2% -
gov of ind act 1935
increase the number of people that can vote and strngth elected provincial assemblies
expnd franchise form 7mill to 35 mill
made provinces gompltly self gov -
lord linlithigow
viceroy of ind for 7yrs,
inds dont like him bengal famine - 3mill dead
blamed for division and lack of econ develp
prov of greater rights in gov
gave gov of ind act 1935 -
1936 20,000 brit troops in pales deal with arab riots
they attacked jews, growing disdain at increasing nb of jews -
anglo-egyptian treaty 1936
brit troops withdraw only there to protect the suez canal
10,000 troops allowed in the suez canal zone
egyp assisted to join league of nations -
coronat george VI 1937-23hr broadcast in canda
shows imperial propaganda, unite all the subjects of emp -
the peel report 1937
it recommended the partition of land into jewish and arab sections. was opposed by the arabs -
brit policy of repression in palest against arabs
publicly hanged over 100 arab terrorist
1937-39 -
eire indpnd state fianna fail
laid claim to all 32 provinces and declared itself a sovereign, independent, domestic state -
trade deficit £302 mill
however it was reduced to £70mill by invisible earnings from emp -
exhibiton in glasgow 1938
great success with 12m visitors, chance to boo;st scott economy after great depression 1938 -
jewish migration limitd to 15,000 a year 1939
this would continue/ supposd to for the next 10yrs
didn't bcuz of nazi persecution. -
the four feathers 1939
an imperial film that uses empire as a backdrop for adventure, gets ppl excited and thinking about empire -
burma, malaya and hongkong tkn by jpns
in summer, looked ready to attck ind, but brit averted and rolled back conquest
jpn success ends idea white supremacy and white invincability. -
''a post dated cheque on a crashing bank''
what ganhi said to sir stafford cripps when he offered india dominion status -
quit india campaign
done by ganhi- was imprisoned many timmes, censored
did peaceful prtests, hunger strikes and salt marches -
austrl accpt staute of wstmnstr in 1942
-
INA - indian national army
chandra bose was the leadr, fought against the british, in burma and was fighting for independence of india
was sprtf by the imperial jpns
consisted of ind soldiers who were captured by jpn
30,000 sldrs -
pan african conference manchester
nkrumah-ghana, kenyatta-kenya and banda-malawi,
left from manchester knowing definetly where we were going -
decolonisation of mind
the end of the idea of white supremacy and invincibility, Ngugi wa Thiango -
brits lost singapore feb 1947
the japanese attacking asia trying to expand their emp, wanted to go after ind too
brits largest military base, led to the largest surrndr in brit history, churchill said it was '' the worst disaster and largest capitulation in Brit history'' -
viceroy louis mountbatten
was sent to bring ind independ, ind no longer a cotton market, was draining resources, not woth fghtn nationalist mvmnt.
decision to partition india, bring indp by june 1948 -
ind indep and pratirion met by aug 1947
hugely chaotic, millions dead and huge violence ensued, exodus of ppl fleeing to part where there religion is most prominant -
brit gave palest prob to UN
ernest bevin gave it to UN- then in nov announced they would quit bcuz they did not agree with UN's plan for partition and lvls of immigrtn
brit did not know how to approach prob
wanted usa sprt- they sprtd jews
but didnt want to alienate arabs- whom they needed -
zlnds statue of wstmnstr 1947
-
brit view of loss of ind 1947
many lamented the loss of india and the dissolution of empire, they were proud of emp, saw it as a force of good and that it was one of the reasons brit fought 2 world wars -
burma to become indp by 1948
atlee unwilling to send troops
was with jpns in ww2, saw brit likely to win war and so switched sides -
ganhi assasinated
by hindu nattionalist- being in favour of muslms -
3/4 pop didn't know diff between colony and dom