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1778
Charles III signs the Treaty of Aranjuez with France during the War of Independence of the United States of America. -
1789
beginnings of the French revolution that influenced the end of the monarchy and the privileges of the clergy and the nobility, having future effects on Spain. -
1793
Spain declares war on the French republic. Participating in the war of the convention.The war was fought in the eastern Pyrenees, the western Pyrenees, in the French port of Toulon and at sea. Although it was France who declared war in 1793, it was the Spanish Army who invaded Roussillon in the eastern Pyrenees and remained on French soil until April 1794. -
1808
On May 2, 1808, the population began to mobilize against Napoleon's occupation of Madrid. By February 1808, Napoleon's real plans began to become known and there were small outbreaks of rebellion in various parts of Spain, such as Zaragoza. -
1810
Initiation of the cortes in 1810. The Cortes approved the new Constitution of 1812 on March 19, 1812. It consisted of 384 articles organized in ten titles. "The principle that sovereignty resides in the Nation, composed of free and equal citizens." -
1814
The absolutist restoration in Spain was a period during the reign of Ferdinand VII between 1814, after his return to Spain, and his death in 1833, in which he returned to a regime of absolutist monarchy, repealing the constitutional and liberal monarchy initiated by the Cortes of Cadiz from 1810. -
1820
The Liberal Triennium or Constitutional Triennium is the period in the contemporary history of Spain that took place between 1820 and 1823, and which constitutes the intermediate stage of the three into which the reign of Ferdinand VII is conventionally divided. -
1823
It ends on October 1, 1823 when King Ferdinand VII dissolves the Cortes, abolishes the Constitution and reestablishes the absolute monarchy. This introduces the second period of ferdinand the VII -
1833
The first Carlist War due to the death of Ferdinand VII. The Carlist Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain throughout the 19th century. They were due, on the one hand, to a dispute over the throne, and, on the other, to a confrontation between opposing political principles. -
1839
The Agreement of Vergara, popularly known as Abrazo de Vergara, was a treaty signed in Oñate (Guipúzcoa) on August 31, 1839 between the Elizabethan general Espartero and thirteen representatives of the Carlist general Maroto, which put an end to the First Carlist War in northern Spain. -
1843
Elizabeth II ascends to the throne after the minority of age and after having won the Carlist war. Previously her mother had been reigning in her name. -
1854
The Moderate Decade ends with the Revolution of 1854. The moderate party and the government of the Count of San Luis were worn out. Espartero proposes to the Queen the convocation of new Constituent Courts, and that these are formed only by the Congress of Deputies, to prevent the conservative pressure of the Senate. -
1866
At the beginning of 1866 General Prim rose up in Aranjuez. The coup, although unsuccessful, causes a state of siege to be declared in most of the provinces. Prim takes refuge in Portugal. The tense relations of Spain with Chile and Peru lead on May 2 to the bombardment of El Callao by the fleet commanded by Admiral Méndez Núñez. On June 22 the sergeants of the San Gil barracks in Madrid revolted. The coup failed and seventy-eight individuals were put to the sword. -
1868
the revolution of 1868 provoked the exile of isabel ii and the reinstatement of a provisional government due to the great popular revolts that took place in Spain. -
1874
The Bourbon Restoration is known as the political stage in the history of Spain that took place under the monarchy between December 29, 1874 (when General Arsenio Martinez Campos made a pronouncement that put an end to the First Spanish Republic) and April 14, 1931 (date of the proclamation of the Second Republic). The name alludes to the recovery of the throne by a member of the House of Bourbon, Alfonso XII, after the parenthesis of the Democratic Sexenio. -
1898
Defeat in the Spanish-American war and loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. This was a great humiliation for Spain since it lost all its colonies. -
1909
Tragic Week is the name given to the events that took place in Barcelona and other cities of Catalonia between July 26 and August 2, 1909. The trigger for these violent events was the decree of Antonio Maura's government to send reserve troops to the Melilla War, most of these reservists being working class parents. The unions called a general strike and the army carried out a harsh repression to subdue the riots. -
1910
Religious policy was one of the priorities of the government of José Canalejas. The ultimate goal, according to Javier Tusell, was to achieve a "friendly" separation of the Church and the State "which Canalejas wanted to achieve through negotiations carried out as discreetly as possible". The problem was that the Vatican, "which in those years was obsessed with the condemnation of modernism", was not willing to modify the privileged position of the Catholic Church in Spain. -
1914
Spain remained neutral during the First World War throughout the conflict, but it had important economic, social and political consequences for the country, to such an extent that the war years are usually considered the beginning of the crisis of the Restoration system, which in 1923 would be resolved by a coup d'état that led to the establishment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. -
1917
Crisis of 1917 is the name given by Spanish historiography to the set of events that took place in the summer of 1917 in Spain, notably three simultaneous challenges that endangered the government and even the Restoration system itself -
1920
The Rif, a mountainous region in northern Morocco, was considered a "zone of Spanish influence" by the treaty signed with France on October 5, 1904. France, for its part, had signed the same year the Entente Cordiale by which Great Britain gave it a free hand to colonial penetration in Morocco, -
1921
The Annual disaster was a serious Spanish military defeat in the Rif War and an important victory for the Rifian rebels commanded by Abd el-Krim. It took place between July 22 and August 9, 1921, near the Moroccan town of Annual, located between Melilla and the Bay of Al Hoceima. -
1923
The Primo de Rivera coup d'état took place in Spain between September 13 and 15, 1923 and was led by the then Captain General of Catalonia Miguel Primo de Rivera. It resulted in the establishment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, thanks mainly to the fact that King Alfonso XIII did not oppose the coup and appointed the rebel general head of the Government at the head of a military Directory.