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Linked monarchs of Austria- Hungary, Germany, and Russia in alliance against radical movements.
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Bismarck's peaceful efforts angered Russian nationalists, ending his defensive military alliance with Austria (1879).
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Austria, Germany, and Italy
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Both Russia and Germany promised neutrality if the other was attacked.
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Admiral of the German Navy. Took Imperial Navy and turned it into world- class force to threaten British Navy.
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Asked to resign by William II. German leaders lost control of the international system.
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Dismissed Bismarck. Refused to renew Russian- German Reinsurance Treaty.
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Resulted from agreement between the two countries reached in 1891. In effect as long as Triple Alliance existed.
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British vs. Dutch Republics. Brought forth Anti- British feelings.
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Skilled French foreign minister who wanted better relations with Britain.
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Serbia became openly hostile toward Austria- Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Slavic people looked to Slavic Russia for support of national aspirations.
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Settled all outstanding colonial disputes between Britain and France.
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Find a solution to the Moroccoan Crisis between France and Germany.
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Russia agreed to settle quarrels with Great Britain in Persia and Central Asia.
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Serbia and Greece attacked the Ottoman Empire.
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Destroyed by nationalism.
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Austria intervened and made Serbia give up Albania.
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He and his wife were assassinated by Serbian Revolutionaries living in Bosnia.
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Presented to Serbia. Serbia given 48 hours to agree to demands that would amount to getting control of the Serbian state.
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Austria Hungary given support by Germany. Germany gave Austria Hungary a blank check and urged aggressive measures towards Serbia.
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Austria Hungary bombards Belgrade. Tsar Nicholas II orders partial mobilization. Russia orders a full mobilization against Austria Hungary and Germany.
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Germany was fighting a two front war. General Moltke demands Belgium lets Germany pass through to knock out France.
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Great Britain, France, and Russia
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Battles fought between the Russians and Germans. Russians tried to move into Germany. Germans won.
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Two German generals who defeated the Russians in the Battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes.
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Central and Allied Powers were still at mobile warfare. After Battle of the Marne, the Allied Powers tried to go northeast to bring forces under British Admiralty. Ended on the North Sea.
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France attacked a gap in the German line. For 3 days, France threw everything into the attack. Germans fell back.
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Planned economy. Free market capitalism abandoned. Government imposed rationing, price and wage controls, and restricted workers' freedom.
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Armies started building trenches to protect themselves from artillary. Defenders were protected by trenches, mines, and barbed wire. They went from Belgium to the Swiss frontier.
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Destroyed American ships suspected of carrying supplies to Britain. Submarine warfare.
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British passenger that was sunk by a German submarine. More than 1000 people died with 139 being Americans. Germany was forced to relax its submarine warfare.
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Fought between German and French armies. Resulted in 698000 battlefield deaths.
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Prime Minister of UK. Saw a large navy as a detestable military challenge.
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Suffered more than 1 million casualties
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After two years of being forced to relax its submarine warfare, Germany continued to use unrestricted warfare. It was the main reason the US entered World War I.
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Seg up by Walter Rathenau. Every useful material was inventoried and rationed. Produced substitutes need to make explosives,
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British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour. Britain wanted a national home for Jews in Palestine without prejudicing civil and religious rights of existing non- Jewish communities. Believed it would appeal to German, Austrian, and American Jews helping Britain's war effort.
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Ruthless and effective wartime leader. Biggest concerns are punishing Germany and security for France. Gave up demand for Rhineland for alliance with US and Great Britain.
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Peace proposal that stressed national self- determination and the rights of small countries.
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Stoppped General Ludendorff from invading Paris. American soldiers= 140000
2 million armed men by August -
Masses of workers demonstrated for peace in Berlin. Emperor abdicated and fled to Holland.
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Socialist leaders in Berlin claimed a German republic. Agreed to tough Allied terms of surrender.
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70 delegates representing 27 nations. Real powers= US, GB, and France.
Germany not allowed to participate.
Russia didn't attend, in civil war -
Between Germany and Allied Powers. Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war and reparations.
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Created by President Wilson. Believed it could protect member states from aggression and future wars.
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By Erich Remarque. Describes what soldiers were thinking mentally and how they were physically.