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The Three French Estates
The French Social Status in the late 1700s
Top- Catholic Clergy
Middle- Nobility
Bottom- Everyone Else (97%) -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
When machines and other practices were being used to increase production in goods and replaced primitive methods. It also inspired new inventions -
Start of the French Revolution
People surround the Bastille (Paris prison) to steal weapons to defend against the National Assembly. They forced their way in, freeing 7 prisoners, and soldiers killed 98. This started the Great Fear, a wave of violence throughout France. -
End of the French Revolution
It ended when King Louis XVI was beheaded, ending the monarchy and France became a republic -
Edward Jenner Gives First Ever Successful Vaccination
English doctor who noticed that people who had cowpox couldn't contract smallpox, and later gave someone both serums and tested his theory correctly -
Socialism Begins
The belief that production, land, capital, raw materials and factories should be owned and controlled by society, either directly or through government.
Early 1800s. This went against capitalism. -
Imperialism Becomes Popular Using Treaties, Purchases, and Military Conquest
Happened throughout the 1800s. They created colonies and protectorates. They did this to spread culture and increase wealth and power. -
Period: to
Napoleon's French Empire
Napoleon established many important and beneficial practices into France such as creating schools and changing the monetary system.
However he mainly wanted to build an empire, and eventually controlled a lot of continental Europe. He ruled over France, Netherlands, and parts of Italy and some German States, and controlled the Confederation of the Rhine, which include Germanic States and Poland.
However he was defeated by the English, Russians, Prussians, and Spanish. -
William Wilburforce Made Parliament Pass Law to End Slave Trade
Wilburforce a notable member of the Evangelicals, which was religious reformation that joined personal faith with social improvements. -
Nationalism Begins
Nationalism- the desire for self-rule and restorations of their customs and traditions; the want for political independence in a country that's controlled/part of another country
It started in France during Napoleons reign as he began extending the French Empire -
Russian Writer Leo Tolstoy Writes "War and Peace"
Novel talks about 5 families going through the stages of life, and also during the Napoleon invasion into Russia. -
Lord Shaftebury Promotes Laws that Limit Working Hours for Women and Children
Evangelical leader was aided by commissions by Parliament to investigate factories and mines. Noted miserable conditions of these led to employment and working laws in 1830-40s -
British Michael Faraday Discovers a Way to Produce Electric Generators
A Physicist who discovered that a magnet moving through a copper wire produced electric currents. In the 1870s, this led to the invention of generators. -
Boston Dentist Uses First Anasthesia in Surgery
Used Ether. Patient slept though operation and felt no pain -
Louis Pasteur Produces Germ Theory of Disease
French chemist discovered that bacteria produce infectious diseases and reproduce like other living things. Also discovered pasteurization, more about diseases, and even invented the first effect vaccination against rabies in 1880 -
Georges Seurat Invents Pointillism
The placing of small dabs of color close together to produce 3d effect during Postimpressionism art movement -
German Engineer Gottlieb Daimler Redesigned Gasoline Engine
Late 1880s. Made an internal-combustion engine that ran on gasoline, and powered vehicles and boats. -
Wright Brothers Invent the First Airplane
At Kitty Hawk, NC, in 1903. First successful flight of motorized airplane -
Serbian Gavrilo Princip Kills Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophie
Part of the Unification or Death, or the Black Hand group. Wanted Serbia to unite Southern Slavs, and destroy Austro-Hungarian rule in Balkans -
World War I Begins
Causes:
-Many Euro countries began expanding and disagreeing over land
-Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina to prevent Serbians from entering country, makes them angry
-Serbia didn't get Albania from Balkan War as promised
-2nd Balkan War Albania claimed independence
-Serbia asked Russia for help during wars but they didn't respond
-Allies split into Triple Entente and Triple Alliance
-Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian group -
Britain Declares War on Germany During World War I
Due to Germany marching through Belgium, which was a declared neutral state, and turned to Britain for help. Also because of storming protests against Germany, and a German chancellor calling an 1839 treaty "a scrap of paper" -
British Liner 'Lusantania' Sinks From German Torpedoes
This ship was on its way to New Yok from Liverpool when it was sunk 18 minutes into the trip by Germany. It had military supplies and American citizens -
America Enters World War I
After Germany sunk many ships and received a treacherous telegram -
World War I Ends
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Benito Mussolini Becomes Italy's Dictator
He founded the Fascist Party in 1919 -
Japan Sought For Territorial Gain Throughout Asia
After WWII they invaded Manchuria and took it over, and later fought for all of China -
Adolf Hitler Becomes Germany's Dictator
One of the first recruits for the Nazi Party. He blamed other nations for Germany's problems, and persecuted Jews and Communists -
Axis Powers Allied
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Spanish Civil Wars
Spain was busy with civil wars during the 1930s and throughout WWII -
Hitler Breaks Promise And Invades Czechoslovakia
Because Czechoslovakia was only democratic nation in C. Europe, Hitler wanted it. Was granted with Sudetenland as appeasement from British Prime Minister Neville. In meeting, Hitler agreed to respect its sovereignty, but later sent armies and took control over eastern part. Slovakia became puppet state -
World War II Officially Begins
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Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor
In order to destroy American naval fleet. Japan believed that America blocked their way of expanding east -
Nazi Germany Begins Transporting Jews Into Concentration Camps
As the "Final Solution" (Persecution of all European Jews) All were victims of tough labor, death, starvation, or cruel experiments -
The United Nations Is Established
Purpose of replacing the League of Nations after WWII, and to maintain peace by guaranteeing se security of member nations.
First meeting on April 1945, San Francisco, to draft, and was completed in June. First meeting in 1946 in New York City
Made of 11 members. Permanent members: America, Britain, China, Soviet Union, France -
Germany Surrenders In World War II
With this the war in Europe ended, along with fascist dictators. Mussolini was shot and Hitler committed suicide -
World War II Ends
Germany surrendered on May 7th, 1945, Japan wanted to continue the war, especially with America. However after dropping 2 atom bombs, Japan surrendered, officially ending the war -
Communists Take Over China
Communists led by Mao Zedong battled with nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek. Mao Zedong won, made Beijing the capital, and the nationalists fled to Taiwan. -
Nationalists Set Up Taipei
Nationalists created a new capital of the Republic of China at Taipei, and Taiwan, after fleeing from Communist China -
American Occupation Of Post-War Japan Ends
With leadership from General Douglas MacArthur, they reorganized industry, business, the government, and agriculture after WWII. After Japan recovered and grew more independent America signed a peace treaty with them and left
1947-1951 -
North And South Korea Sign Truce After Korean War
After reaching a stalemate, both sides began talking in July 1951, and came to an agreement 2 years later -
America and China Establish Diplomatic Ties
President Nixon visited China in 1972, and established ties 7 years later -
European Union Is Established
European Community members met and signed the Treaty of Maastricht, which formed the EU. This is meant to create closer ties among the member nations