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Industrial Revolution beggining
It was a process of mainly techonological and economical, but also social, transformation which started in Great Britain.
It was the biggest change since the Neolithic, marking and inflection point in history. -
Watt's steam engine
In 1764, James Watt was asked to repair the Newcomen steam engine, but he observed that it was inefficient because of the big amount of steam it wasted. He improved this machine, with the help of Matthew Boulton, during the next years until 1790. -
Independence of the US
After a long war and a defeat at Yorktown, Britain recognised the colonies' independence and George Washington became the first president of the United States in 1789 -
French Revolution
It is a period that lasts 10 years and it's divided into three phases: The Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792), The Social Republic (1792-1794) and The Conservative Republic (1794-1799) -
Napoleon Empire
It takes place from 1804 to 1815. During this time, Napoleon tried to conquest Europe and was crowned emperor by the Pope. One of the of the most famous battles is The Austerlitz in 1806. French troops seemed unstoppable, but eventually Napoleon was sent into exile on Saint Helena, where he died -
The War of Independence
It started as a popular revolt wich spreaded rapidly across the country. The people was angry because of the French occupation. It ended in 1813, with the Treaty of Valençay and Ferdinand VII as king -
Spanish- American Independence
A series of wars that took place in American territories of Spain. They were the people who wanted the independence against the people who were in favor of the Spanish monarchy. The independists won, so new countries appeared and Spain lost a lot of its territories. -
Luddism
It was a movement headed by English artisans against industrialisation. They were the first workers to protest and to do it they destroyed machinery. They were called the Luddities and they believed that the machinery was responsible for low wages and unemployment. -
The Constitution of Cádiz
It is known as "La Pepa", and it was the first constitution of Spain and one of the most liberal of that time. It was officially in force for two years, until the return of Ferdinad VII to the crown -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna established the ideological principles of the Restoration, like legitimacy of the absolute monarchs or the denial of national sovreignty. It was made up by the powers that defeated Napoleon -
Ferdinand VII
It was also called "The Desired", he was son of Charles IV and ascended to the throne after the Tumult of Aranjuez. In fact, he only was king that year during a few months, because Napoleon overthrew him and put his brother, Joseph, as king. In 1814, he came back, abolished the Constitution of Cádiz and became a monarch until his death -
1820 Revolution
It was the first revolutionary cicle in Europe after the napoleonic wars and it's ideological axis were liberalism and nacionalism -
The Liberal Triennium
It started with the pronouncement of Riego, which made Ferdinand VII accept the Constitution of Cádiz. It was a revolucionary moment, but ended with in 1823, when Ferdinand VII abolished the Constitution, disolved "Cortes" and restablished an absolut monarchy -
First Trade Union
The First Trade Union united workers in the same field. It was created due to the reapeal of the laws prohibiting workers' associations in England. -
Stephenson's locomotive
It used a steam engine to generate continuous motion of the wheels. This locomotive could carry more passengers and goods in less time and at a lower cost, which boosted and helped many aspects, like trade. -
1830 Revolution
The movement began in France when Charles X was overthrown in July 1830. Louis Philipe became the new constitutional monarch. Absolutism was replaced by liberal political systems governed by a constitution -
Isabella II
She came to the throne when she was just 3 years old, but mother took the regency until she was 13. Before that, a war for the succesion of the throne started, because the crown was disputed by her uncle Charles and her. It was teh Carlist War. During her reign, Spain transitioned from and absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy -
1848 Revolution
It is also called " the Spring of Nations" and showed how countries under the control of empires wanted to pursue the idea of nationalism and the creation of new liberal goverments -
Communist Manifesto
It was written in 1847 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It had 23 pages and recognised the communists as a political force in Europe, presenting their concepts, purposes and tendencies. It reflects the previous funds to marxism. -
First International
The First International is an association whose founders were among the most powerful British and French trade-union leaders of the moment. It was made up of labour leaders and it was founded in London. Its official name is "International Working Men’s Association". It dissolved in Philadelphia in 1876. -
Italina unification
The liberal monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia satrted the unification process in 1859. In 1861, Victor Manuel II of Savoy was proclamed king of Italy and the nwely unified state established its capital in Rome -
German unification
In 1861, the first moves to the unification were made as Wilhem I became king of Prussia and made Otto von Bismarck chancellor. Prussia declared three wars ( to Austria, Denmark and France) and was victorious in all of them, making the unifictaion possible. Wilhem I was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire -
I Republic
It was the political form of goverment in Spain until January 1874, when a coup led by Genral Pavía disssolved the "Cortes" and made Genral SErrano head of state. -
The bourbon restoration
It was characterized for an institutional stability and the construction of a liberal model of State, which emerged from the Industrial Revolution. It was based in four pillars: king, "Cortes", Constitution and "turn" (meaning the change of goverments in a pacific way). -
Bloody Sunday
It was a massacre by the Russian Imperial Garde against group of workers led by priest Gapon. They marched to the czar's Winter Palace to make their demands. Up to 200 people were killed. -
Balkan Wars
There were two wars in the Balkan States. The Ottoman's Empire lost its territories in Europe after 624 years. In the First Balkan War, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it,In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought against the four countries of the first war and an attack from Romania -
First World War
It was one of the deadliest global conflicts in the history of humanity. It was fought between the Triple Entente (France, Great Britaim and Russia) and their later allies (Italy, the United States) and the Triple Alliance(Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire). The war ocurred mainly in European territory, but it expanded because of the colonies that France or Great Britain had around the world. Around 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded. -
February Revolution
It was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917. It started with a large demostartion in St. Petersburg, followed by a general strike and riots in the barracks. The government tried to introduced some reforms, but due to the war they never make a difference. Popular discontent grew and the forces that had united to end the tsar's rule began to break up. At the end, a duality of power emerged that challenged the provisonal goverment and the Soviets. -
October Revolution
It was the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bolsheviks, whose leader was Lenin, were suported by the Soviets. They wanted to advocate distributing the land among the peasants, give workers control of the factories and nationalise the banks. They had an own armed militia (Red Guards) and they took the Winter Palace and overthrew the provisional government. In November, elections were held and the new goverment decreed the first revolutionary measures. -
Teatry of Brest-Litvsk
It was a separate peace treaty signed between Russia and the Central Powers, that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was agreed upon by the Russians to stop further invasion and, as a result of the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia's commitments to the Allies and eleven nations became independent in eastern Europe and western Asia. -
Teatry of Versailles
It imposed the terms of peace with Germany. It declared that Germany was responsible for the war and forced it to pay large amounts of money to compensate for their destruction, took away Germany's colonial empire and divided it between Britain and France, reduced its armny to a minimum and part of its territory was dived between the victors. -
League of Nations
It was created to guarantee and promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security. The League of Nations promote this by the acceptance of obligations not to resort war or the firm establishment of the understanmdings of international law as the actual rules of conduct among goverments, between other measures. However, the project failed and it had no influence on internatinal politics. -
Second World War
Global military conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The majority of the nations of the world were implicated in it grouped in two alliances: the Allies and the Axis. -
Operation Barbarossa
A German attack against Russia, where the Germans quickly reached the gates of Moscow and Leningrad. As a response, the USSR joined the Allies forces in the battle against the Axis powers. -
Attack on Pear Harbor
Japan destroyed the US fleet in Pearl Harbor and the US entered the war. It was a surprising ofensive. -
Atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Us president Truman decided to use the atomic bomb (a new weapon) to force Japan to surrender. It was dropped on the cities of HIroshima and Nagasaki. The level of destruction was like nothing seen before and approximately 150000 people died. -
United Nations
It was created because of the need for an organisation to replace the League of Nations. Today, it assembles nearly every country in the world, but at the time its foundation was asigned by 46 states. The United Nations carries out humanitarian missions and meditation efforts in armed conflicts. -
Universal Declaration of Humans Rights
It is a document based on principles of global cooperation, peace, equality and liberty. It is a plan of global action for freedom and equality protecting the rights of all people.