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1350
The Renaissance
Why did it happen?
-Return of soldiers from crusades
-Increase in food production
-population increases
-economics improves
-Increase in trade within Europe and with middle east
-Renewed interest in knowledge -
1353
Black death
-passed along on rat fleas
* infection followed trade routes
- 75 to 200 million people died
* this was about 50 to 60 percent of the population
* took 200 years to repopulate Europe
- after 1353 the plague would show up in places from time to time until the 19th century -
1360
Northern Italy
-Controlled trade into Europe
*urban centers
-city states that dominated Italy
*Venice, Milan, Florence, Rome, and Naples
*ruled by powerful families
-Milan
*crossroads of trade
*Visconti family ruled 1st half of 15th century
*Francesco Forza conquers using mercenaries
:Changes tax code
-Venice
* port city trade with western asia
* was a republic
:controlled by wealthy merchants -
1370
Florence
-Dominated the region of Tuscany
* was a political powerhouse of the region
-A Republic controlled by merchants
* mid 1400's controlled by the Medici
-Becomes the cultural and arts center of the time
* artists, sculpture, architects, and others come to make money -
1380
Europian society
-3 social classes
* clergy, nobility, merchants, and peasants
-The Clergy
* the church was the biggest power in Europe
-The nobility
* ruled areas of Europe
* different levels of nobility
-the merchants
* a small group in the early 1400,s grows as time
: patricians and burghers
-peasants or workers
* life really never changes -
1400
Famous authors
-Dame
*Italian philosopher and writer
* best known for the divine comedy
-Machiavelli
* Italian philosopher and political writer
* best known for The Prince
-Shakespeare
* English playwright
*his plays are still performed to this day -
1450
ideas and arts
- humanism
- study of the ancient Greek and roman texts : virgil and cicero *Francesco Petrarch the father of humanism -literature *invention of the printing press in 1450 : Johannes eutenburg : First book was the bible in german
- authors started to write in the volnacular
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1517
Reformation
-problems in the church
*popes and other leaders involved in political matters
*not meeting the spiritual needs of the people
*indulgences
-christian humanism
*simpler christian faith
*Erasmus
*wanted to reform the church from within the church -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther
-catholic monk
-has issues of faith and works tied to salvation
-95 thesis
-excommunicated from church
-Lutheranism started
*spreads throughout Germany and Scandinavia
*1st protestant Religion -
Apr 15, 1519
Art
-new techniques in painting
*perspective-grins the images more realistic images more realistic image
*imitation of nature
*landscape
-italian artists
*leonardo da vinci
*michelangello
*donatello
-northern European artists
*jan van eylk
*roger van der weyden -
1523
Anabaptists
-believed in adult baptism
-all believers were equal
-lived communally
-no church hierarchy
-anyone in the community of believers could be the minister
-today they are then amish and mennonities -
1534
Further splits in religion
-john calvin
*converts to protestantism at the age of 25
*believed that the catholic church had fallen far from the original christian church
* predestination
:Free will to choose evilmost will choose evil
:good works to show were exact
*set up government in geneva based upon his beliefs -
1534
England
-Henry VIII
*wanted a male hair
*pope would not annual his marriage to catherine
*act of supremacy 1534
:head of the church of england
:doctorine very close to catholicism
-Edward VI
*advisors moved the church to a more protestant doctorine -
1560
Counter-Reformation
-Pope Paul III
*realized that Protestantism needed to be countered
*council of Trent
:look at doctrine and practices and then try to clarify it
:Emphasize the teaching of doctrine to the young and to all Christians it emphasized the differences
*Ignatius of Loyola
:started the Jesuit order
*inquisition
:control over what people thought and wrotesome got out of control