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India Independence Movement
Chauri Chaura incident took place on 4th February 1922. A violent incident took place where a large crowd of peasants set on fire a police station that killed 22 policemen. Due to the Chauri-Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement. -
Nelson Mandela's membership start for the African National Congress Party.
Nelson Mandela a member of the African National Congress party beginning in the 1940s, was a leader of both peaceful protests and armed resistance against the white minority’s oppressive regime in a racially divided South Africa. His actions landed him in prison for nearly three decades and made him the face of the antiapartheid movement both within his country and internationally. -
South Africa Apartheid
The Second World War highlighted the problems of racism, making the world turn away from such policies and encouraging demands for decolonization. It was during this period that South Africa introduced the more rigid racial policy of apartheid. -
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Group Areas Act
During the 1950s and 1960s, large-scale removals of Africans, Indians, and Coloureds were carried out to implement the Group Areas Act, which mandated residential segregation throughout the country. More than 860,000 people were forced to move in order to divide and control racially-separate communities at a time of growing organized resistance to apartheid in urban areas. -
Mau Mau Rebellion
The Mau Mau uprising began in 1952 as a reaction to inequalities and injustices in British-controlled Kenya. The Mau Mau uprising was a significant turning point in Kenyan history and a key element in Kenya’s path to independence from British colonization. -
"Reference Book" Law
In 1952, the government enacted a law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history. Africans often were compelled to violate the pass laws to find work to support their families, so harassment, fines, and arrests under the pass laws were a constant threat to many urban Africans. -
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Defiance Campaign
Protest against the "Reference Book" Laws fueled the anti-apartheid struggle—from the Defiance Campaign (1952–1954) -
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Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution was an armed uprising led by Fidel Castro that eventually ended the brutal dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began with a failed assault on Cuban military barracks on July 26, 1953, but by the end of 1958, the guerrilla revolutionaries in Castro’s 26th of July Movement had gained the upper hand in Cuba, forcing Batista to flee the island on January 1, 1959. -
Algerian War for Independence
The movement for independence began during World War I (1914–18) and gained momentum after French promises of greater self-rule in Algeria went unfulfilled after World War II (1939–45). In 1954 the National Liberation Front (FLN) began a guerrilla war against France and sought diplomatic recognition at the UN to establish a sovereign Algerian state. -
Ghana Independence Movement
On 6 March 1957, the Gold Coast (now known as Ghana) gained independence from Britain. Ghana became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah. -
Bantu Self-Government Act
The Bantustans were created by the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959, which abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” Established on the territorial foundations imposed by the Land Act of 1913 (amended in 1936), the homelands constituted only 13% of the land—for approximately 75% of the population. -
Congo Independence Movement
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule: this led to the country's independence on 30 June 1960. Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism, tribalism, and ethnic nationalism, remained unresolved. -
Land Act
In 1964, an amendment to the 1913 Land Act was introduced, which allowed for black tenants on white farms to be classified as squatters. This forced citizens into residential areas where they would be housed according to racial groups. -
Cambodian Civil War
The Cambodian Civil War unfolded from 1967 until the fall of Phnom Penh 1975. It happened in the shadow of Cambodia. -
Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970 declared that all Africans were citizens of “homelands,” rather than of South Africa itself—a step toward the government’s ultimate goal of having no African citizens of South Africa. Between 1976 and 1981, four homelands—Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana, and Ciskei—were declared “independent” by Pretoria, and eight million Africans lost their South African citizenship. -
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African Americans found in violation were stripped of citizenship
In the 1970s and 1980s, many Africans found in violation of past laws were stripped of citizenship and deported to poverty-stricken rural “homelands.” By the time the increasingly expensive and ineffective pass laws were repealed in 1986, they had led to more than 17 million arrests. -
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Iranian Revolution
Thousands of young madrasah students took to the streets, they were followed by thousands more Iranian youth who began protesting the regime’s excesses. The shah, weakened by cancer and stunned by the sudden outpouring of hostility against him, assumed the protests to be part of an international conspiracy against him. Many people were killed by government forces in anti-regime protests, serving only to fuel the violence. -
Restoration of Land Agreement
In 1993, an agreement to restore land to its rightful owners was reached, certain communities returned to their ancestral land. One of such is a community removed from Tsitsikamma in the late 1970s to the then homeland of Ciskei to a small town called Keiskammahoek. -
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Nelson Mandela's Presidential Reign
Nelson Mandela participated in the eradication of apartheid and in 1994 became the first Black president of South Africa, forming a multiethnic government to oversee the country’s transition. after retiring from politics in 1999, he remained a devoted champion for peace and social justice in his own nation and around the world until his death -
First Free South African Election
On April 26, 1994, the first free elections of South Africa were held. Twenty million citizens exercised their right to vote for the first time, ending up with more than three hundred years of white domination granting Mandela 62.6% of the votes.