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Period: Jan 1, 1561 to
Sir Francis Bacon
Popularized the scientific method.
Used inductive reasoning and the inductive method.
Novum Organum. New Atlantis. -
Period: to
Hugo Grotius
Dutch Philosopher advocating free trade. -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu
Secretary of State and Chief Minister to Louis XIII. Absolutist. -
Period: to
Life of Thomas Hobbes
English Philosopher, Author of Leviathan, Social Contract to save people from themselves called the Leviathan. Early secularizer of politics -
Period: to
René Descartes
formulated the deductive method.
Discourse on Method.
I think therefore I am. - philosophical, not oncological.
People can imagine perfection, and nothing in this world is perfect, so the idea of perfection must have come from an outside source. -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the New Model Army, fought and defeated the king's forces (called the Cavaliers). Later declared Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His death prompted the reintroduction of the English Monarchy -
Period: to
Rule of Louis XIII
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Period: to
Rule of James I
argued with parliament and set the stage for political trouble -
Period: to
Rembrandt
Dutch Artist during the Dutch Golden Age, realist specializing in businessmen, landscape and portraits. -
Period: to
30 Year's War
Called a "war of religion" -
Period: to
Blaise Pascal
French Mathemetician who postulated pascal's wager
Developed calculus -
Period: to
rule of Charles I
Overstepped the bounds of the English Monarchy, following in James I footsteps -
Period: to
Queen Christina of Sweden
Student of Descartes -
Period: to
Bishop Bossuet
Louis XIV's Tutor, religious absolutist. King derived power directly from God, and therefore was only accountable to God - divine right of kings theory. -
Petition of Right
british document claiming that English subjects possessed rights no king could trample. Assented to by Charles I, but parliament was not reconvened until 1640 -
Period: to
John Locke
at birth the human mind is a blank slate that is filled in by experience. -
Period: to
Louis XIV
Most Powerful European Monarch. "I am the State"
Used censorship, torture, and fawning to build his power.
Versailles; rituals performed by noblemen invited to bask in the glow of "The Sun King," menial tasks were great honors, while he quietly stripped nobles of their power.
Promoted scientific endeavors, constant war, and revoked the Edict of Nantes (religious tolerance; chased out huguenots) -
British Parliament Reconvened
Charles I needed to raise taxes for a religious war with scotland, but hadn't convened parliament. the members of which thought that Charles I was trying to re-introduce catholicism. -
Period: to
English Civil War
Fought between the lower house, and the house of lords and the King. Sparked by the attempt by the crown to arrest five members of parliament for treason -
Period: to
Rule of Great Elector, Frederick William
First in a line of major rulers in Bradenburg-Prussia (Prussia) -
Period: to
Isaac Newton
Mathematical principles of natural philosophy
Ellipticular orbit of planets.
Developed calculus -
Period: to
Gottfried Leibniz
contemperary of pascal -
Treaty of Westphilia
Ended the strife, and validated the new boundaries created by the Protestant Reformation Secularized and paved the Way for Modern European Development.
Recognized the Swiss Confederacy and the United Provinces of Holland. -
Leviathan Published
Thomas Hobbes's major work -
Period: to
Francois Fénelon
Writer and catholic bishop who both revered Louis XVI, and critizied his excessive power, calling for equality for all people in front of the law.
He died in exile. -
Period: to
Rule of Charles II
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Period: to
Rule of James II
English King, believed Absolutisim, but was unable to execute due to England's political climate. Tried to put Catholics in office, which incited the Glorious Revolution. -
Glorious Revolution
Bloodless revolution that essentially stripped English Monarchs of much of their power. James II overthrown by William III of Orange (Dutch) at the request of the English people.
citizens divided up into whigs (those opposed to James's assension) and Tories (those who were conservative and wanted the throne to stand)
Opened up avenues for freedom of speech, fair trials, excessive bail, cruel punishments, ended divine right of kings and so on. -
Period: to
Rule of Frederick I
Ruler of Prussia, began growing the Army -
William and Mary crowned co-monarchs of England
Following the Glorious Revolution -
Period: to
Francois Voltaire
Early Psychologist that scorned authority of any kind.
Philosophic letters on teh english. Praised English government
Candide urged the practucal application of enlightenment ideals
Treatise on Toleration attacked the church and exclusivity of a denomination. -
Period: to
Northern War
Fought between Swedes and Russia under Peter the Great. Russia used western battle tactics as a reflection of the westernization of Russia -
Period: to
Benjamin Franklin
american Enlightenment figure
Published several influential newspapers, philanthropist, French consort, inventor, public libraries, founded UofP and American Philosophical Society -
Period: to
William Pitt the Elder
Sought to deplete France's wealth in order to gain all North American territory East of the Missispi.
Sent troops who, for the most part, defeated the French soundly with the aid of the colonistst. -
Period: to
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Romanticized exotic and simple people "the noble savage"
Believed that Government is anecssary evil.
Society should be ruled by its general will; the sum of its highest aspirations.
"The dissenter will be forced to be free" -
Period: to
Rule of Frederick William I
Ruler of Bradenburg Prussia. Last in a line of rulers that expanded German Influence and power -
Period: to
Denis Diderot
Attacked the church
Assembled the first Encyclopedia -
Persian Letters
By Charles Montesquieu,
indirectly criticized France's Monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church -
Period: to
Adam Smith
Wealth of nations; Promoted laissez-faire economics. Government should not interfere in economics because the market will control itself. -
Period: to
Edmund Burke
Reflections on the Revolution in France.
"people will not look forward to posterity when they never look back to their ancestors"
Father of Modern Conservatism
Believed in reason, but not unrestrained confidence. Traditition helps people determine which ideas are worthwhile and which are not. -
Period: to
Edward Gibbon
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Explained historical events in secular terms. -
Period: to
King George III
On the recieving end of the revolt in the American colonies -
Period: to
Cesare Beccaria
Advocated the humane treatment of criminals; essay on crimes and punishments. Emphasized reform over punishment. -
Period: to
War of Jenkin's Ear
Between England and Spain over the mistreatment of English Sailors. Merged with the War of Austrian Succession. -
Period: to
War of Austrian Succession
Conflict that expanded to include colonies in 1744.
Fought because France supported Prussia in its aggression on Austria. Britain joined Austria, and France supported Spain in the colonies against Britain. -
Period: to
David Hume
Scottish Enlightenment; Edinburgh; Athens of the North
Dialouges concernign Natural Religion, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
Argued that all religions are without credit and open to question. no miracles and all belifes are derived from the perceptions of the senses -
Period: to
Frederick the Great Rules
Prussian 'enlightened Despot'
Invited Voltaire to live three years near berlin. Improved land, allowed the settlement of jews and catholics in lutheran country, lmited freedom of speech, increased effeciency of legal system, established professional bureaucracy. -
Period: to
Marie Jean de Condorcet
Sketch for a historical picture of the progress of the human mind.
Humans can achieve perfection through reason study and tolerance humans can achieve perfection -
Period: to
Johann Goffried Herder
Romantic German Writer.
Believed in nationalism as "Volksgeist" or "People's Spirit"
Thus, when nationalists appeal to the idea of a nation they pricked the intellect and emotion of an individual. -
The Spirit of the Laws
Charles Montesquieu
Argued that there were natural laws governing politics and there should be checks and balances and separation of powers in governments. Influenced James Madison and Thomas Jefferson -
Period: to
Jeremy Bentham
Assosciated very strongly with Utilitarianism. -
Period: to
Olympe de Gouges
Declaration on the rights of women and female children -
Period: to
The Seven Years War and The French and Indian War
AKA Diplomatic revolution of 1756
Fought largely between France and Britan, then the world superpowers.
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
Fought in the colonies at the same time as the seven years war.
THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR
Incited when Prussia, under the rule of Frederick II, invaded Saxony. Austria, France, Sweden, Russia, and other German states sided with Saxony. Prussia eventually won when Prussian sympathizer Tsar Peter III took the throne in 1762, in addition to financial aid from Britain. -
Period: to
Abbé Emmanuel Sieyés
Wrote the pamphelet "what is the third estate" voicing the frustrations of the third estate in pre-revolution era France -
Period: to
Mary Wollstonecraft
Argued that women should have greater freedom to pursue their own intellecutal and political interests.
Vindication of the rights of women. -
Period: to
Catherine the Great Rules
Russian 'Enlightened Despot'
Wrote with figures i.e. Diderot and Voltaire, advocated social reforms, questioned the death penalty, serfdom and criminal punishment. -
Treaty of Paris
Ended the Seven Years' war. Gave French holdings in NA to Britain, important gains for Britain in east indies and India.
Prussia gained significant power at the expense of Austria and the HRE -
Proclamation of 1763
settlers were prohibited from moving to the west of the Appalachian mountains, in an effort to stem war with the indians. -
Period: to
Rule of Joseph II
emperor of Austria, 'enlightened despots'
Aimed to govern according to principles of sound moral and political philosophy.
Promoted education, allowed jews to become equals and sold church property to pay for hospitals.
Emancipated serfs. -
Period: to
Napoleon Bonaparte
French emperor who took the throne following unrest during the french revolution. Sold the Louisiana Purchase to the US. in all the countries he conquered the french ideals of the abolition of slavery and serfdom, property rights, and advancement by merit grew. Started several wars, including invasion of British-controlled Egypt, which ended in the destruction of the French Fleet.Ultimately conquered most of contenential Europe, excluding Spain and Portugal where guerilla warfare kept him at bay -
Period: to
Friedrich Hegel
Romantic German Historical Philosopher
Beliefs are hard to understnad. He believed that history takes form as old ideas clash with new ones. From the conflict emerges a new, and now normal, set of ideas.
Thesis conflicted with Antithesis, and formed synthesis. -
Period: to
William Wordsworth
Romantic English Poet
Nature was a source of insiration and emotions, rather than pure reason, were to be trusted. City life was corrupting and mind numbing -
Period: to
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Romantic English Poet
Rime of the Ancient MArinier.
Nature was a source of insiration and emotions, rather than pure reason, were to be trusted. City life was corrupting and mind numbing -
Boston Tea Party
The British East India Company given a monopoly on tea in the colonies, threatening to put colonial merchants and smugglers out of business. -
Period: to
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian Prince influential in creating the BoP at the Congress of Vienna. -
Period: to
Louis XVI Rules
Ruler at the time of the French revolution. Sought to increase taxes, which prompted revolt -
Period: to
Lord Bryon
Romantic English Poet
Nature was a source of insiration and emotions, rather than pure reason, were to be trusted. City life was corrupting and mind numbing -
Estates General Convened in France
Called by the king in order to increase taxes on the wealthy. The Third Estate had demands that were rejected by the king and the other two estates. They were locked out of their meeting place and convened in a Tennis Court -
Tennis Court Oath
The Third Estate vowed not to leave Versaille until there was a new constitution written for France. Led by Sieyes and Comte de Mirabeau, the third estate created the National Assembly in defiance of the king and upper classes.
This happened while there were bread riots, leading to the storming of the Bastille. -
Republic of France Proclaimed
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Period: to
Thomas Carlyle
Scottish Romantic Writer and Esayist
Influenced by german romanticism, Influenced American Trancendentalism through Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) -
French National Army Wars with Austria
Liberated Switzerland and Italy from Austria -
Period: to
Charles Lyell
Influenced Darwin in Principles of Geology by postulating the earth had to be older than a literal reading of the Bible would date it. -
Genius of Christianity by René de Chateaubriand
Discusses effects of religious felling in history and so on. -
Napoleon assumes complete control
Following an attempt on his life. -
Battle of Austerlitz
Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia. -
Berlin Decree
Began the contential system by forbidding trade with England. -
Period: to
John Stuart Mills
Liberal who wrote On Liberty -
Treaty of Tilsit
War weary Russia gave territory to Napoleon along with several concessions. -
Period: to
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Nephew of Napoleon, won the precidency, used his family name to gain the admiration of the people and claimed emperor Napoleon III.
He bailed on the Italians, Mexicans, and was defeated in the Franco-Prussia War. -
Period: to
William Gladstone
Passed the Reform Act that gave the vote to 60% of GB's adult men. -
Period: to
Charles Darwin
Created teh Theory of Evolution in the origin of species. -
Russia rebels against Napoleon's Contential system.
The contential system was Napoleon's plan to bleed Britain by not allowing them to trade with contential Europe. -
Napoleon Invades Russia
Russia employed 'scorched earth policy;' burning all resources behind them, ultimately causeing 5/6 French soldiers' deaths. -
Period: to
Henry Mayhew
Author and Journalist who promoted labor unions with his book "London Labor and the London Poor." -
Quadruple Alliance Formed
Formed from Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Britain. Sought to exploit Napoleon's weakness following his defeat in Russia.
Gained Victory in Leipzig, and Napoleon abdicated and went to exile in Elba when the alliance marched on Paris in 1814. -
Period: to
Ferdinand VII Rules
Spanish King who ignored the constituition and tried to disband the spanish parliament. The revolts following made him promise to abide by the constituition.
Revolutions in naples the same year. -
Period: to
Louis XVIII Rules
Encouraged the persecution of protestants and liberals by Ultraroyalists. -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
A meeting to decide how to redraw the maps of Europe after Napoleon plowed through. Allowed France a seat at the table.
France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia were known as the Concert of Europe. -
Waterloo
Bonarparte defeated at Waterloo following his escape from Elba, and was exiled to St. Helena. -
Period: to
Otto van Bismark
Prussian Prime Minister who contoled European Politics for most of the 19th century. Caused wars with France. Gained power and used it to boost Germany's international standing and unite Germany -
Period: to
Karl Marx
German Philosopher who believed that communism is the pathway to utopia. -
Protocol of Troppau
A resolution from the holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, and Austria) stating that they would interfere in another nation's politics to maintain conservativism -
Period: to
Florence Nightingale
Established Santitation practices in field hospitals and made nursing a respectable profession for women. -
Period: to
Herbert Spencer
Popularized 'survival of the fittest.' The most fit had a moral duty to rule the weak. Taken by imperialists to justify oppression of African and Asian Natives. -
Austira Invades Naples
Reestablished a Monarchy. Not intent on gaining land, but protecting the social-political order -
Greek Revolution
Freedom from the weakened Ottoman turks. Assisted by France and Great Britain. Russia took advantage of the confusion and claimed territory in the balkans. Was encouraged by enlightenment and romantics because they hoped for a new greek republic. Instead the Treaty of London declared Greece independant, but they had to appoint a monarchy. -
Period: to
Louis Pasteur
Discovered the source of diseases (bacteria) and inventd the process of pasteurization. -
France invades Spain
Reestablished a Monarchy. Not intent on gaining land, but protecting the social-political order -
Period: to
Charles X Rules
Dissolved the Camber of Deputies when it gained a majority of liberals. Censored Newspapers.
Sparked riots that went out of control, so he abdicated. -
Period: to
Tsar Nicolas I Rules
Tsar duing the Decemberist Revolution. Executed the leaders. -
Decemberist Revolution
During Tsar Nicolas I's rule, on his first day in office the nobles tried to over throw the monarchy and create a constituitional monarchy. They had inner division and the Tsar executed all of the leaders. -
Period: to
Louis Philippe Rules
Placed in control of the government by the liberals.
Allowed catholicism to be removed as France's national religion.
Abdicated after the national guard killed 40 protestors -
Period: to
Gottlieb Dialmer
German Engineer who worked with Karl Benz in creating the internal combustion engine. -
Period: to
John D. Rockefeller
Monopolized Oil production (over 75%) during the 1890s. Typified American Industrialization -
Period: to
Robert Kock
Isolated Tuberculosis bacillus, thereby significantly reducing the number of deaths by illness. -
Period: to
Karl Benz
German Engineer who worked with Gottlieb Daimler in creating the internal combustion engine. -
Period: to
Friedrich Nietzsche
"God is Dead"
Preached that individuals should not be self-sacrificial but instead act a will to power. Also disliked an emphasis on reason and wanted to focus on raw human impulses; irrational and emotional. -
Communist Manifesto
Penned by Karl Marx -
Period: to
Franz Joseph Rules
Hapsburg ruler of Austria-Hungary who centralized the government and focused on a unified conservative rule. Austria-Hungary, however, had a lot of conflicting and contradictory ethnic groups, and nationalities. Some of whom identified with Germany, others with Russia, others with Austria, others with the Balkans, and others with Hungary. All of which had conflicting interests. -
Period: to
Edmund Bernstein
Revised Marx's strategy for achieving socialism throughreform or revision instead of revolution. -
Period: to
Crimean War
France, Britain, and teh Ottoman Empire against Russia for control of Romania, Christian shrines in the Middle East, and ultimately control of the Black Sea. Russia was defeated and Britain gained control of much of the Black sea, and France gained control of christian shrines in the middle east. -
Period: to
Cecil Rhodes
Had the oxford "Rhodes Scholars Program" named after him.
Had the country Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, named after him.
he wanted natives to get British educations and then return to their home countries and represent the crown. -
Period: to
Sigmund Frued
Considered father of psycho-analysis. -
Period: to
George Bernard Shaw
Early Fabian Society Member along with HG Wells. -
Period: to
H.G. Wells
Early Socialist and Science Fiction author -
Intercontinetal Cable Laid
A telegraph wire connecting the US to Great Britain. -
Period: to
Marie Curie
Chemist who discovered radium. -
Period: to
Franco-Prussian War
Caused long lasting animosity towards the Germans from the French. cost france enormous amounts of money and eliminated them as a world power. -
The Three Emperors League Formed
Composed of Germany, Austria, and Russia -
Period: to
Guglielmo Marconi
Transmitted the first Radio wave across the Atlantic (1901) -
Public Health Act (GB)
made it illegal to construct new buildings without plumbing. -
Telephone Invented
Invented by Alexander Graham Bell -
Period: to
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of the telephone. -
Salvation Army Founded
Founded by william and Catherine Booth; waged a 'war' on the devil's work in cities. Particularly active in US, Canada, and GB. Works with drug addicts, prostitutes, the homeless, and other needy people. -
Dual Alliance Formed
Composed of AUstria and Germany. -
Period: to
Albert Einstein
Published an article in 1905 stating his theory of reletivity. Added the fourth dimension to the physicist's spectrum; time. -
Triple Alliance formed
Germany, Austria, Italy -
Berlin Conference
Divided Africa among European powers and contributed to Scramble for Africa, which wa designed to prevent war. The germans were dissatisfied with their share. -
Period: to
Kaiser Wilhem II Rules
Contributed to the initiation of WWI due to a feeling of unfairness in the Berlin Conference. -
Franco-Russian Alliance Formed
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X Ray Discovered
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Diesel Engine Invented
invented by a german inventor -
Spain loses Cuba
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Spanish American War
The US took all North American, Carribean, and many pacific colonies from Spain -
First Zeppelin Flight
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Heart of Darkness
Joseph Conrad's identifying work. -
Britian, Gernany, Italy blockade Venezuala
Trying to collected on debts. US objected to the encroachment of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere -
Entente Cordiale Formed
Britain and France -
British-Japanese Alliance formed
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Triple Entente Alliance Formed
France, Britain, and Russia -
Model T
Henry Ford works on perfecting the assembly line and making affordable automobiles for the populace. -
National Insurance Act
A law passed by pariliament that guarunteed unemployment benefits and health care. resulted in increased taxes and larger government involvement in the evonomic arena.